Sienna
An earth pigment named after Siena in Italy: yellow-brown when raw, red-brown when roasted.
Also: raw sienna, burnt sienna, terra di Siena
Sienna is an iron-rich earth, first dug in quantity near the Tuscan city of Siena. In its natural state, called raw sienna, it is a warm yellowish brown, more transparent than ochre. Roasting turns it into burnt sienna, a rich reddish brown that is one of the most useful colours on a painter's palette for skin, brick, wood and sunsets. The Italian deposits are largely worked out, and pigment sold under the name now comes from other countries or is made from synthetic iron oxides.