# Rang

> Every colour in the world, and what it means. A free guide to 698 colours, pigments and dyes and 1292 named swatches, filed by colour family, kind, use, meaning, material, country and city, with what each colour means in 119 countries, colour and emotion, a live colour calendar, colour cities, concepts and a glossary. Published by ClearTrust.

Each colour page gives: name and native name, hex, RGB, HSL and CMYK values, family, what it is, where the name and material come from, how it is made, where it is used, what it means and to whom, related shades, harmonies, a short FAQ, further reading and source links. Colour pages are derived from Wikipedia and Wikidata with AI assistance and may contain mistakes; cite the page URL. Colour values are approximations.

## Browse
- [All colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/colours)
- [The swatch book](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/swatches)
- [Colours by country](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/countries)
- [Colour cities](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities)
- [Compare two countries](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/compare)
- [Red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/red)
- [Orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/orange)
- [Yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/yellow)
- [Green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/green)
- [Turquoise and cyan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/cyan)
- [Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/blue)
- [Purple and violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/purple)
- [Pink and magenta](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/pink)
- [Brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/brown)
- [White](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/white)
- [Grey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/grey)
- [Black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/black)
- [Gold and metallics](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/families/gold)
- [Basic colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/basic)
- [Named shades](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/shade)
- [Pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/pigment)
- [Dyes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/dye)
- [Colours named from nature](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/natural)
- [Traditional colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/traditional)
- [National and team colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/national)
- [Heraldic colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/heraldic)
- [Standard and safety colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/standard)
- [Screen and web colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/kinds/web)
- [Colours of mourning and death](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/mourning)
- [Colours of weddings and marriage](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/wedding)
- [Colours of luck and prosperity](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/luck)
- [Colours of royalty and power](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/royalty)
- [Colours of sacred and holy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/sacred)
- [Colours of purity and peace](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/purity)
- [Colours of danger and warning](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/danger)
- [Colours of love and desire](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/love)
- [Colours of nature and renewal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/nature)
- [Colours of politics and protest](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/politics)
- [Colours of festival and celebration](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/celebration)
- [Colours of protection and healing](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/meanings/protection)
- [Hindu colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/hindu)
- [Muslim colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/muslim)
- [Christian colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/christian)
- [Jewish colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/jewish)
- [Buddhist colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/buddhist)
- [Sikh colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/sikh)
- [Jain colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/jain)
- [Other traditions colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/faiths/other)
- [Painting and art](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/art)
- [Textiles and dress](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/textile)
- [Buildings and cities](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/architecture)
- [Ceramics and glass](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/ceramics)
- [Body and cosmetics](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/body)
- [Food and drink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/food)
- [Printing and ink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/print)
- [Screens and design](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/screen)
- [Signs and safety](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/safety)
- [Flags and heraldry](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/flags)
- [Uniforms, teams and vehicles](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/uses/livery)

## Colour and emotion
- [The colours of joy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/joy): Yellow is the world's most agreed colour of joy, with orange close behind. In China joy is red, and at Holi in India it is every colour at once.
- [The colours of love](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/love): Red and pink carry love almost everywhere: red roses, red bridal dress in India and China, the red thread of fate in East Asia.
- [The colours of anger](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/anger): Red is the colour of anger in most languages and studies, from 'seeing red' to Hindi's 'laal-peela'. Black comes second.
- [The colours of sadness](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/sadness): English feels blue, but studies tie sadness more firmly to grey and black. In China white can be sad, and in Brazil 'all blue' means all is well.
- [The colours of grief](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/grief): Black in Europe and the Americas, white in Hindu India and much of East Asia, red and black in Ghana: grief has no single colour.
- [The colours of fear](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/fear): Fear is black in most studies, and pale in most languages: 'white as a sheet' in English, 'blue fear' in French and Italian.
- [The colours of calm](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/calm): Blue, green and white are the colours people call calm. Soft, pale shades matter more than hue, and claims about calming paint are weak.
- [The colours of envy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/envy): Green in English, French and Spanish, yellow in German, red-eyed in Chinese, black or white in Russian: envy's colour is set by language.
- [The colours of hope](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/hope): Green is the colour of hope in Spanish, Italian, German and Portuguese and across the Muslim world. Elsewhere hope is light, dawn or a rainbow.
- [The colours of trust](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/trust): Blue is the colour of trust in business and public life. Many languages use white for honesty, and Chinese opera uses red for loyalty.
- [The colours of energy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/energy): Red, orange and bright yellow read as energy worldwide: the red of Shakti in India, fire in China, orange in the Netherlands.
- [The colours of courage](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/courage): Red and saffron stand for courage in flags, uniforms and medals, from Rajput and Sikh saffron to Maasai red and the Purple Heart.
- [The colours of pride](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/pride): Purple and gold mean rank and pride through the history of costly dyes. Today pride also flies as a rainbow and in national colours.
- [The colours of shame](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/shame): Shame is the red of a blush in most languages, and the black of a 'blackened face' in Hindi, Arabic, Persian and Turkish.
- [The colours of disgust](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/disgust): Brown and murky yellow-green are the colours of disgust. Australia chose a drab brown, Pantone 448 C, to make cigarette packs unappealing.
- [The colours of surprise](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/surprise): Surprise has no settled colour. Idioms point to the clear blue sky a shock falls from; designers use bright yellow and sharp contrast.
- [The colours of loneliness](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/loneliness): Loneliness borrows the colours of sadness: grey, cold blue and black. In South Korea singles mark it with black noodles on Black Day.
- [The colours of nostalgia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/nostalgia): Sepia brown, faded yellow and warm gold are the colours of nostalgia, taken from old photographs, ageing paper and early colour film.
- [The colours of awe](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/awe): Gold, deep blue and purple are the colours people build with to inspire awe, from the Golden Temple to the blue glass of Chartres.
- [The colours of optimism](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/emotions/optimism): Optimism is rose-tinted in a dozen languages and sunny yellow in design. At New Year it is red in China, white in Brazil and yellow in the Andes.

## Live
- [The world in colour today](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/today): colour days on now and next, colour of the day
- [The colour calendar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/calendar)
- [Colour news](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/news)

## Learn
- [Concepts](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn)
- [Glossary](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary)
- [The colour lab](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/lab): name any hex value

## For agents
- [MCP server](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/mcp): Streamable HTTP, no key needed
- [JSON API](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/developers): GET https://rang.cleartrust.cc/api/v1/<tool>
- [Sitemap](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/sitemap.xml)
- [How complete the catalogue is](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/coverage)

## Concepts
- [Primary colours, and why there are several sets](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/primary-colours): A primary colour is a starting colour for mixing. Screens, printers and painters each use a different set, and all of them are right.
- [The colour wheel](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-wheel): A circle of hues that shows which colours are neighbours and which are opposites. Newton drew the first one.
- [Hue, saturation and lightness](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/hue-saturation-lightness): The three things you need to say to pin down any colour: which hue, how strong, and how light or dark.
- [Complementary colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/complementary-colours): Pairs that sit opposite on the colour wheel. Side by side they look their brightest. Mixed together they cancel out.
- [Colour harmonies: analogous, triadic and split](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-harmonies): Named recipes for picking colours off the wheel. Useful starting points, not rules that guarantee a good result.
- [Warm and cool colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/warm-and-cool-colours): Reds, oranges and yellows are called warm, blues and greens cool. It is a convention about feeling, not about heat.
- [Additive and subtractive mixing](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/additive-and-subtractive-mixing): Mixing lights makes colours brighter, and all three primaries give white. Mixing paints makes them darker and gives near black.
- [Tints, shades and tones](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/tints-shades-and-tones): Add white to a colour for a tint, black for a shade, grey for a tone. Three plain words for three kinds of change.
- [Simultaneous contrast](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/simultaneous-contrast): A colour looks different depending on what surrounds it. The same grey can look light, dark, pinkish or greenish.
- [The colour temperature of light](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-temperature-of-light): A number in kelvin that says whether a white light is yellowish or bluish. Low numbers look warm, high numbers look cool.
- [How the eye sees colour: cones and rods](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/how-the-eye-sees-colour): Three kinds of cone cell in the retina respond to light of different wavelengths. The brain compares them to make colour.
- [Trichromacy and the opponent process](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/trichromacy-and-opponent-process): Two nineteenth century theories of colour vision that seemed to disagree. Both turned out to be right, at different stages.
- [Colour blindness and its kinds](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-blindness): A difference in the cone cells that makes some colours hard to tell apart. Usually red and green, and far more common in men.
- [Tetrachromacy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/tetrachromacy): Seeing with four kinds of cone instead of three. Normal for birds and many fish. In humans it is rare and hard to prove.
- [Afterimages](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/afterimages): Stare at a colour, look away, and you see its opposite floating in front of you. Tired receptors are the cause.
- [Colour constancy and the dress](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-constancy): A banana looks yellow at noon, at dusk and under a lamp. The brain corrects for the light. Sometimes it guesses wrong.
- [Metamerism](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/metamerism): Two things can match in one light and clash in another. With only three cone types, the eye cannot see the whole spectrum.
- [How animals see colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/how-animals-see-colour): Dogs see two colour channels, people three, birds four. Bees see ultraviolet. More receptors do not always mean better colour.
- [Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/why-the-sky-is-blue): Air scatters blue light far more than red. Overhead you see the scattered blue. At sunset you see what is left over.
- [Structural colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/structural-colour): Colour made by tiny structures, not pigment. It is why a peacock feather shimmers and why no bird has blue pigment.
- [Colour psychology and what the evidence supports](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-psychology): Colour does affect mood and behaviour a little. The effects are small, depend on context, and are far weaker than posters claim.
- [Colour and emotion across cultures](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-and-emotion-across-cultures): People around the world link colours and feelings in broadly similar ways, with local differences that follow language and custom.
- [Colour preference](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-preference): Blue is the favourite in most surveys and dark brownish yellow the least liked. Liking seems to follow the things a colour recalls.
- [The red effect in sport and attention](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/the-red-effect): A famous study found that fighters in red won more often. Later, larger studies found the advantage small, uneven or absent.
- [Baker-Miller pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/baker-miller-pink): A bubblegum pink said to calm violent prisoners within minutes. Careful studies have not been able to repeat the effect.
- [Colour and appetite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-and-appetite): Colour changes what we expect food to taste like, and that changes what we taste. Claims about hunger itself are much weaker.
- [Colour and memory](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-and-memory): Colour helps people recognise scenes and objects they have seen before. Evidence that colouring your notes helps you learn is thin.
- [Synaesthesia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/synaesthesia): For some people letters, numbers, days or musical notes have colours, steadily and automatically. It is a trait, not an illness.
- [Chromotherapy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/chromotherapy): The practice of treating illness with coloured light or coloured surroundings. There is no good evidence that it works.
- [Colour in marketing](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-marketing): Colour helps people recognise a brand and tell products apart. Charts claiming each colour triggers one emotion are not evidence.
- [Basic colour terms: Berlin and Kay](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/basic-colour-terms): A 1969 study argued that languages add colour words in a set order, from black and white to red and onwards. It is still debated.
- [One word for green and blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/grue-one-word-for-green-and-blue): Many languages cover green and blue with a single word. Japanese ao and Vietnamese xanh are the best-known examples.
- [Russian's two blues](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/russian-two-blues): Russian has separate basic words for light blue and dark blue. Speakers are a touch faster at telling the two apart.
- [Himba colour naming and what the studies showed](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/himba-colour-naming): The Himba of Namibia group colours differently from English. The viral claim that they cannot see blue is not what researchers found.
- [Why orange was named after the fruit](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/why-orange-is-named-after-the-fruit): English had no word for orange until the fruit arrived. The name travelled from South India through Persian and Arabic.
- [Homer's wine-dark sea](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/wine-dark-sea): Homer never calls the sea blue. That does not mean the Greeks could not see blue, and the ancient world had blue pigment.
- [Colour idioms across languages](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-idioms): Feeling blue, a forced yellow laugh, a green hat. Colour sayings rarely translate, because each language attached its own meanings.
- [Rang and varna: colour words in Sanskrit and Hindi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/rang-and-varna): Two old words for colour in India. Rang also means dye, feeling and the stage. Varna also means a letter, a sound and a social class.
- [Pigment versus dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/pigment-versus-dye): A pigment is a fine coloured powder that sits on a surface. A dye dissolves and bonds with the material it colours.
- [Mineral pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/mineral-pigments): Colours ground from earth and stone: ochre, cinnabar, malachite, lapis lazuli. The oldest paints people ever made.
- [Plant dyes: indigo, madder, turmeric and henna](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/plant-dyes): Blue from indigo leaves, red from madder root, yellow from turmeric, orange-brown from henna. Four plants that coloured the world.
- [Animal dyes: cochineal, Tyrian purple and lac](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/animal-dyes): Crimson from a cactus insect, purple from sea snails, red from a tree-dwelling bug. Rare, laborious and once worth fortunes.
- [Synthetic dyes and Perkin's mauve](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/synthetic-dyes-and-mauve): In 1856 an eighteen-year-old trying to make a malaria drug made purple dye instead. The chemical industry grew from it.
- [Toxic colours: lead white, arsenic green and radium](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/toxic-colours): Some of the most useful colours ever made were poisons. They harmed the people who made them more than those who used them.
- [Natural dyeing and mordants](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/natural-dyeing-and-mordants): Most plant dyes wash out unless the cloth is treated with a metal salt called a mordant. Alum and iron are the usual ones.
- [Lakes and lake pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/lake-pigments): A lake is a dye turned into a paint pigment by fixing it onto a colourless powder. The name comes from lac, not from water.
- [The blue problem: Egyptian blue to YInMn blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/the-blue-problem): Good blue pigment is rare in nature, so people have invented it again and again, from ancient Egypt to an Oregon lab in 2009.
- [Fluorescent and phosphorescent colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/fluorescent-and-phosphorescent-colour): Fluorescent colours turn invisible ultraviolet into visible light, so they look brighter than bright. Phosphorescent ones glow on in the dark.
- [Vantablack and the blackest blacks](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/vantablack-and-the-blackest-blacks): Coatings made of microscopic carbon tubes absorb more than 99.9 per cent of light. Objects coated in them look like flat holes.
- [RGB and hex codes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/rgb-and-hex): How screens describe colour: three numbers for red, green and blue light, often written as a six-character code such as #FF9933.
- [CMYK](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/cmyk): The four inks of colour printing: cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Tiny dots of each build every picture in a magazine.
- [HSL and HSV](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/hsl-and-hsv): Two ways of rearranging RGB into hue, saturation and lightness or value, so that people can pick and adjust colours by eye.
- [CIE Lab and colour difference](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/cie-lab-and-colour-difference): A colour space built on human vision, where distance between two colours roughly matches how different they look.
- [The Munsell system](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/munsell): An American painter's atlas of colour, ordered by hue, value and chroma, with steps that look even. Soil scientists still use it.
- [Pantone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/pantone): A commercial library of numbered colours, each with an ink recipe, so a designer and a printer far apart can agree on a shade.
- [RAL](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/ral): A German colour standard of four-digit codes, used across Europe and beyond for paint, powder coating, signs and machinery.
- [NCS, the Natural Colour System](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/ncs): A Swedish system that describes a colour by how it looks: how close to black, white, yellow, red, blue and green.
- [Web-safe and CSS named colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/web-safe-and-css-named-colours): The 216 colours that old monitors could show reliably, and the 140-odd colour names, from tomato to rebeccapurple, that browsers understand.
- [Colour gamut and wide-colour displays](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-gamut-and-wide-colour-displays): A gamut is the range of colours a device can produce. Newer screens show stronger reds and greens than the old standard allowed.
- [Colour management](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-management): The system of profiles and conversions that keeps a colour looking the same from camera to screen to printed page.
- [Mourning colours around the world](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/mourning-colours): Black in much of the West, white across much of Asia, red and black in Ghana. Grief has no single colour.
- [Wedding colours around the world](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/wedding-colours): Red in India, China and Vietnam, white in the West since the 1840s, and many traditions that use several colours in one day.
- [Pink for girls and blue for boys](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/pink-and-blue-for-gender): A custom of the twentieth century, not an ancient one. A hundred years ago babies wore white and advice on colours was inconsistent.
- [Political colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/political-colours): Red for the left, green for environmentalists, saffron, blue and green in India. The same colour can mean opposite things in two countries.
- [Flag colours and vexillology](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/flag-colours-and-vexillology): Most national flags use red, white and blue. Purple is almost unknown. Shared colours often mark shared history.
- [School house and team colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/school-house-and-team-colours): From the red, blue, green and yellow houses of an Indian school to a national cricket side, shared colours make a group.
- [Caste, class and laws on colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/caste-class-and-sumptuary-laws): For much of history, rulers decided who could wear which colours. Purple, yellow and bright dyes were kept for the powerful.
- [Colour and religion](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-and-religion): Saffron robes, green domes, purple at Lent, the blue thread of a prayer shawl. Faiths use colour to mark the sacred.
- [Skin colour words and colourism](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/skin-colour-words-and-colourism): Colourism is prejudice in favour of lighter skin, often within one community. The words used for skin carry it, and can be changed.
- [Traffic and safety colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/traffic-and-safety-colours): Red for stop came from the railways. Safety colours are now fixed by international standards so that a sign reads the same anywhere.
- [Holi and festivals of colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/holi-and-festivals-of-colour): The spring festival when people across India and Nepal throw coloured powder and water at each other, and rank is set aside for a day.
- [Rangoli and kolam](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/rangoli-and-kolam): Patterns drawn on the ground at the doorstep in rice flour, coloured powder or petals. Made to welcome, and gone by evening.
- [Choosing a palette](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/choosing-a-palette): A working method for picking a small set of colours that sit well together, for a room, a website, an outfit or a poster.
- [The 60-30-10 habit](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/the-60-30-10-habit): A decorator's rule of thumb: most of one colour, a third of a second, a tenth of an accent. A habit of proportion, not a law.
- [Contrast and accessibility](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/contrast-and-accessibility): Text needs enough difference in lightness from its background to be read. Web guidelines set a minimum ratio of 4.5 to 1.
- [Designing for colour blindness](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/designing-for-colour-blindness): About one man in twelve confuses reds and greens. Good design never relies on hue alone to carry a message.
- [Colour in film grading](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-film-grading): The stage after shooting when the colour of every shot is adjusted, to match shots to each other and to set a mood.
- [Colour in painting: glazing, impasto and limited palettes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-painting): Three ways painters control colour: thin see-through layers, thick ridged paint, and working with only a few pigments.
- [Colour in textiles: ikat, bandhani, batik and kalamkari](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-textiles): Four ways to pattern cloth with dye: tie the yarn, tie the cloth, wax it, or draw on it. All work by keeping dye out of some parts.
- [Colour in architecture](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-architecture): A pink city, a blue city, white islands, and Greek temples that were never meant to be white. Buildings have always been coloured.
- [Colour in data visualisation](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/learn/colour-in-data-visualisation): In a chart or map, colour is a code. Use one hue for amounts, two for above and below, and distinct hues for categories.

## Colour cities
- [Jodhpur, The Blue City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jodhpur-in): Old-city houses washed in blue crowd the foot of Mehrangarh Fort, on the edge of the Thar Desert.
- [Jaipur, The Pink City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jaipur-in): The walled city wears a dusty terracotta pink, first painted on for a royal visit in 1876 and kept ever since.
- [Udaipur, The White City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/udaipur-in): White palaces and whitewashed houses stand around lakes in the Aravalli hills of southern Rajasthan.
- [Jaisalmer, The Golden City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jaisalmer-in): A fort and town built of yellow sandstone that glows like honey at sunset, deep in the Thar Desert.
- [Varanasi, City of saffron and light](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/varanasi-in): Saffron robes, marigold garlands and oil lamps colour the river steps of one of the oldest living cities.
- [Vrindavan, Town of Holi colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/vrindavan-in): For Holi the temple town of Krishna's childhood fills with clouds of pink, yellow and green powder.
- [Mathura, Birthplace of Krishna, home of Holi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/mathura-in): Krishna's birthplace celebrates Holi for more than a week, with processions, music and coloured powder.
- [Pondicherry, The yellow French quarter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/pondicherry-in): The old French quarter by the sea is painted mustard yellow with white trim, shaded by bougainvillea.
- [Kolkata, Yellow taxis, red and white saris](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kolkata-in): Yellow Ambassador taxis, red-brick colonial offices and white saris with red borders mark Bengal's capital.
- [Mumbai, City of the kaali-peeli](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/mumbai-in): Black-and-yellow taxis, known as kaali-peeli, are the moving colour of India's largest city.
- [Chennai, Kolam white and Madras checks](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/chennai-in): White kolam drawings at each doorstep, yellow autorickshaws, red colonial brick and painted temple towers.
- [Madurai, City of painted temple towers](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/madurai-in): The towers of the Meenakshi temple carry thousands of painted figures; jasmine sellers add white below.
- [Hampi, Ruins among golden boulders](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/hampi-in): The ruined capital of Vijayanagara lies among heaps of ochre granite boulders and bright green paddy.
- [Shekhawati, The open-air gallery of Rajasthan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/shekhawati-in): Merchant mansions in the towns of north Rajasthan are covered inside and out with painted murals.
- [Kutch, Land of mirror work and white desert](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kutch-in): Embroidery, tie-dye and block print in deep red and indigo, set against the white salt of the Rann.
- [Bagru, Town of mud-resist block print](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bagru-in): A small town near Jaipur where the Chhipa community prints cotton by hand in indigo, black and red.
- [Sanganer, Fine florals on white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sanganer-in): A printing town on the edge of Jaipur, known for delicate flower motifs on a white ground.
- [Kanchipuram, The silk city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kanchipuram-in): A temple town in Tamil Nadu whose heavy silk saris pair strong body colours with contrasting gold borders.
- [Auroville, Red earth and a golden sphere](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/auroville-in): An experimental township on red earth near Pondicherry, centred on the golden globe of the Matrimandir.
- [Amritsar, City of the Golden Temple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/amritsar-in): The gilded shrine of Harmandir Sahib shines over its pool, ringed by white marble and saffron turbans.
- [Leh, Prayer flags over a high desert](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/leh-in): Strings of five-coloured prayer flags and white stupas stand out against the brown mountains of Ladakh.
- [Fontainhas, Goa's Latin Quarter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/fontainhas-in): A small quarter of Panaji where Portuguese-era houses are painted yellow, blue and red with white trim.
- [Agra, City of the Taj Mahal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/agra-in): The white marble of the Taj Mahal shifts from pink at dawn to gold at dusk, beside forts of red sandstone.
- [Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's red sandstone city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/fatehpur-sikri-in): A Mughal capital built in one red stone in the 1570s and left by the court only a few years later.
- [Delhi, Capital in red sandstone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/delhi-in): From the Qutb Minar to the Red Fort to the government buildings, Delhi's monuments share one red stone.
- [Nagpur, The Orange City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/nagpur-in): A city in central India named for a fruit: the loose-skinned Nagpur orange grown in the country around it.
- [Pampore, The saffron town of Kashmir](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/pampore-in): For a few weeks each autumn the fields near Srinagar turn purple with the crocus that gives saffron.
- [Pochampally, Ikat weaving town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/pochampally-in): A weaving town in Telangana whose saris carry bold geometric ikat patterns with softly blurred edges.
- [Channapatna, Toy town of Karnataka](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/channapatna-in): A town between Bengaluru and Mysuru that turns soft wood into toys coated in glossy coloured lacquer.
- [Colombo, City of the Red Mosque](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/colombo-lk): In the crowded Pettah market a mosque striped and checked in red and white stands out on every side.
- [Galle, The white fort town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/galle-lk): A walled colonial town on Sri Lanka's south coast, with white churches, a white lighthouse and ochre villas.
- [Paro, Valley of white fortresses and red chillies](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/paro-bt): White-walled monasteries with a red band under the roof stand above rice fields in a Himalayan valley.
- [Thimphu, Capital in white, red and gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/thimphu-bt): Bhutan's capital keeps its buildings in traditional white, dark red and gold, with painted woodwork.
- [Kathmandu, Brick red and prayer flags](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kathmandu-np): Red-brick temples with carved dark wood, white stupas hung with prayer flags, and marigolds at festival time.
- [Dhaka, Rickshaw art capital](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/dhaka-bd): Hundreds of thousands of cycle rickshaws carry hand-painted panels of film stars, birds and flowers.
- [Multan, City of saints and blue tiles](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/multan-pk): Brick shrines of Sufi saints are banded with blue, turquoise and white tiles, a craft still alive in the city.
- [Lhasa, The white and red palace](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lhasa-cn): The Potala Palace rises in white and dark red above the city; gilded roofs and prayer flags surround it.
- [Beijing, The Forbidden City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/beijing-cn): Red walls and yellow glazed roofs mark the old imperial palace; the lanes around it are grey brick.
- [Zhangye Danxia, The rainbow mountains of Gansu](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/zhangye-danxia-cn): Striped hills of red, orange, yellow and pale green sandstone in the dry north-west of China.
- [Kyoto, City of vermilion gates](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kyoto-jp): Thousands of vermilion torii gates climb the hill behind Fushimi Inari shrine in Japan's old capital.
- [Nara, Vermilion shrine and black ink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/nara-jp): Japan's eighth-century capital, with a vermilion shrine in the forest and a long tradition of black ink.
- [Bukchon, Seoul's village of grey tiled roofs](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bukchon-kr): A hillside quarter of traditional Korean houses with dark grey tiled roofs, between two royal palaces.
- [Gamcheon, Busan's pastel hillside](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/gamcheon-kr): A steep neighbourhood of small box-like houses painted in pastels, turned into an art village in 2009.
- [Jiufen, Red lanterns on a gold-mining hill](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jiufen-tw): A hillside town in northern Taiwan where rows of red lanterns light steep stairways lined with teahouses.
- [Hoi An, The yellow town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/hoi-an-vn): An old trading port in central Vietnam whose shophouses are washed in yellow and hung with silk lanterns.
- [Hue, The purple imperial city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/hue-vn): Vietnam's last royal capital: a walled palace of red lacquer and yellow tiles, and a city fond of purple.
- [Luang Prabang, Town of saffron robes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/luang-prabang-la): At dawn lines of monks in orange robes walk the streets of the old Lao royal capital to receive alms.
- [Bagan, Plain of brick temples](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bagan-mm): More than two thousand red-brick temples and stupas are scattered over a dry plain beside the Irrawaddy.
- [Chiang Rai, White temple, blue temple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/chiang-rai-th): A northern Thai city known for a modern temple in pure white and mirror, and another in deep blue.
- [Melaka, The Red Square](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/melaka-my): The old Dutch town hall, church and clock tower of this Malaysian port are all painted one terracotta red.
- [Joo Chiat, Singapore's Peranakan pastels](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/joo-chiat-sg): Rows of early 20th-century shophouses in soft pink, mint and blue, trimmed with plaster flowers and tiles.
- [Yogyakarta, Home of court batik](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/yogyakarta-id): The royal city of central Java, whose classic batik is drawn in brown, indigo and white.
- [Samarkand, City of blue domes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/samarkand-uz): Ribbed turquoise domes and tiled gateways in every shade of blue rise over an old Silk Road capital.
- [Bukhara, The sand-coloured holy city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bukhara-uz): An oasis city of pale brick, where patterned brickwork does the work of colour and blue domes are accents.
- [Khiva, Mud walls and a turquoise tower](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/khiva-uz): A walled desert town where a short, fat minaret wrapped in blue-green tile stands over clay-coloured lanes.
- [Isfahan, Half the world, in turquoise](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/isfahan-ir): Safavid mosques around a vast square are covered inside and out with turquoise and deep blue tiles.
- [Yazd, The mud-brick desert city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/yazd-ir): An earth-coloured city of domes and wind towers in central Iran, with one tall gateway of blue tile.
- [Kandovan, The village carved in grey cones](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kandovan-ir): A village in north-west Iran where homes are hollowed out of pale cone-shaped rocks of volcanic ash.
- [Shiraz, City of the Pink Mosque](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/shiraz-ir): A mosque tiled in pink roses, where morning sun through coloured glass paints the carpets.
- [Petra, The rose-red city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/petra-jo): Tombs and temples cut straight into cliffs of red, pink and banded sandstone in southern Jordan.
- [Tyre, Birthplace of Tyrian purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tyre-lb): The Phoenician port that gave its name to the costliest dye of the ancient world, made from sea snails.
- [Sidon, City of the murex hill](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sidon-lb): A Phoenician port whose purple dye trade left behind a whole hill of crushed sea-snail shells.
- [Jerusalem, City of golden stone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jerusalem-il): Old and new buildings alike are faced in pale limestone that turns gold in the evening light.
- [Sana'a, The gingerbread city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sanaa-ye): Tower houses of brown brick, each window and floor outlined in white gypsum like icing.
- [Balat, Istanbul's painted old quarter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/balat-tr): Steep cobbled lanes on the Golden Horn lined with narrow bay-windowed houses in red, yellow, blue and green.
- [Safranbolu, The saffron town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/safranbolu-tr): An Ottoman town named after saffron, with white timber-framed houses under red tiled roofs.
- [Pamukkale, The cotton castle](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/pamukkale-tr): A hillside of white mineral terraces holding pale blue pools, formed by hot springs in western Turkey.
- [Yerevan, The Pink City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/yerevan-am): Armenia's capital is built of volcanic stone in shades of pink, rose and orange.
- [Chefchaouen, The Blue Pearl](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/chefchaouen-ma): A mountain town in northern Morocco whose lanes, steps and doors are washed in many shades of blue.
- [Marrakech, The Red City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/marrakech-ma): Walls of red earth ring the old city, and building rules keep new streets in the same warm pink-red.
- [Fez, Dye vats and Fez blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/fez-ma): A medieval city with open-air leather dye pits like a paintbox, and pottery painted in cobalt blue.
- [Aït Benhaddou, The red earth fortress village](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/ait-benhaddou-ma): A fortified village of red-brown earth climbing a hill on the old caravan road south of the Atlas.
- [Asilah, White walls, painted murals](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/asilah-ma): A whitewashed Atlantic town where artists paint new murals on the medina walls each summer.
- [Essaouira, Blue boats and white walls](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/essaouira-ma): A windy Atlantic port of white houses with blue shutters, and a harbour packed with blue fishing boats.
- [Sidi Bou Said, The blue and white village](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sidi-bou-said-tn): A clifftop village near Tunis where every house is white and every door, grille and shutter is blue.
- [Ghardaïa, Pastel cubes of the M'zab](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/ghardaia-dz): A Saharan hill town of flat-roofed houses in sand pink, ochre and pale blue, crowned by one plain minaret.
- [Djenné, City of the great mud mosque](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/djenne-ml): A town of sun-dried mud brick in Mali, centred on the largest earthen building in the world.
- [Timbuktu, Sand-coloured city of scholars](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/timbuktu-ml): Earthen mosques the colour of the desert, and the deep indigo veils of the Tuareg.
- [Tiébélé, The painted royal court](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tiebele-bf): Earthen houses of the Kassena people, covered by women with geometric patterns in red, black and white.
- [Saint-Louis, Island town of ochre balconies](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/saint-louis-sn): A colonial island town at the mouth of the Senegal river, with ochre houses and brightly painted fishing boats.
- [Lake Retba, The Pink Lake](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lake-retba-sn): A very salty lagoon near Dakar that can turn pink, where workers gather salt from the lake bed by hand.
- [Jamestown, Accra's old harbour quarter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/jamestown-gh): A red-and-white lighthouse, painted fishing canoes and street murals in the oldest part of Accra.
- [Bonwire, Home of kente cloth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bonwire-gh): A weaving village near Kumasi where narrow strips of kente are woven in gold, green, red and black.
- [Kano, City of the indigo dye pits](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kano-ng): An old Hausa trading city in northern Nigeria where cloth is still dyed in deep outdoor pits of indigo.
- [Abeokuta, Capital of adire](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/abeokuta-ng): A Yoruba city in south-west Nigeria famous for adire, cotton patterned in white on deep indigo blue.
- [Lalibela, Churches cut from red rock](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lalibela-et): Eleven medieval churches carved downward into reddish volcanic rock, visited by pilgrims wrapped in white.
- [Harar, The painted walled city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/harar-et): Behind old stone walls, the alleys and house fronts of this Ethiopian city are painted in bright pastels.
- [Lamu, White coral-stone Swahili town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lamu-ke): A Swahili island town of whitewashed coral-stone houses, carved doors and wooden sailing dhows.
- [Stone Town, Zanzibar's coral-stone city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/stone-town-tz): The old quarter of Zanzibar City: pale, weathered coral-stone houses, great carved doors and bright kanga cloth.
- [Bo-Kaap, Cape Town's bright hillside quarter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bo-kaap-za): Rows of flat-fronted houses in lime, pink, blue and yellow on cobbled streets below Signal Hill.
- [Ndebele villages, Painted homesteads of Mpumalanga](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/ndebele-villages-za): Homes of the Southern Ndebele, painted by women with bold geometric shapes outlined in black.
- [Sossusvlei, The red dunes of the Namib](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sossusvlei-na): Some of the tallest sand dunes on earth, coloured orange-red by iron, around white clay pans.
- [Oia, White houses, blue domes of Santorini](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/oia-gr): A village on the rim of a drowned volcano, with whitewashed houses and blue-domed churches above the sea.
- [Júzcar, The Smurf village](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/juzcar-es): A white Andalusian village painted entirely blue for a film launch in 2011, which then voted to stay blue.
- [Seville, White walls and albero yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/seville-es): Whitewashed houses edged in golden yellow, bitter orange trees along the streets and tiled squares.
- [Córdoba, City of flowered patios](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cordoba-es): White courtyards hung with blue pots of red geraniums, and a great mosque of red-and-white striped arches.
- [Granada, The red fortress of the Alhambra](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/granada-es): A palace-fortress of reddish earth walls on a hill, facing a white quarter and snowy mountains.
- [Lisbon, City of tiles and yellow trams](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lisbon-pt): House fronts covered in patterned glazed tiles, yellow trams on steep hills and pavements of white stone.
- [Porto, Blue-and-white tiled churches](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/porto-pt): Granite churches and a railway station clad in huge blue-and-white tile pictures, above a riverside of coloured houses.
- [Aveiro, Painted boats on the canals](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/aveiro-pt): A lagoon town of canals, where high-prowed boats carry bright hand-painted panels, and salt is piled in white heaps.
- [Costa Nova, The striped houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/costa-nova-pt): A beach village near Aveiro whose wooden houses are painted in bold vertical stripes on white.
- [Burano, The island of painted houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/burano-it): A fishing island in the Venetian lagoon where each small house is a different strong colour.
- [Procida, Pastel harbour of the Bay of Naples](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/procida-it): A small island where fishermen's houses in sun-faded pink, yellow and blue are stacked above the harbour.
- [Cinque Terre, Five pastel villages on a cliff coast](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cinque-terre-it): Tall houses in ochre, pink and yellow crowd tiny harbours below terraced vineyards on the Italian Riviera.
- [Bologna, La Rossa, the red one](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bologna-it): A city of red brick towers, terracotta roofs and miles of arcades in red, orange and ochre.
- [Siena, The city that named a colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/siena-it): A Tuscan hill city of warm brown brick, and the source of the earth pigment called sienna.
- [Colmar, Painted half-timbered Alsace](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/colmar-fr): Timber-framed houses in pink, yellow, blue and green lean over small canals in eastern France.
- [Menton, The lemon town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/menton-fr): The last French town before Italy, with an old quarter in ochre and yellow and a famous lemon festival.
- [Toulouse, La Ville Rose](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/toulouse-fr): The pink city of south-west France, built of flat rosy bricks, once rich on a blue dye plant.
- [Roussillon, The ochre village](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/roussillon-fr): A Provençal hill village built on, and painted with, cliffs of red, orange and yellow ochre.
- [Delft, Home of Delft blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/delft-nl): A Dutch canal town whose potters made blue-and-white ware famous across Europe from the 17th century.
- [Amsterdam, Orange on King's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/amsterdam-nl): Once a year the brick-and-water city turns entirely orange for the King's birthday.
- [Zaanse Schans, The green wooden village](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/zaanse-schans-nl): Wooden houses and windmills painted dark green with white trim, on a river north of Amsterdam.
- [Nyhavn, Copenhagen's coloured quay](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/nyhavn-dk): A 17th-century canal lined with tall townhouses in yellow, red, orange and blue, and old wooden ships.
- [Bryggen, Bergen's Hanseatic wharf](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bryggen-no): A row of pointed wooden warehouses in red, ochre and white along the harbour of Bergen.
- [Longyearbyen, The colour-planned Arctic town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/longyearbyen-no): One of the world's most northerly towns, where rows of houses follow a designed scheme of warm colours.
- [Reine, Red cabins of Lofoten](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/reine-no): A fishing village in the Lofoten islands where red cabins on stilts stand below sharp grey peaks.
- [Gamla Stan, Stockholm's ochre old town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/gamla-stan-se): The medieval island at the centre of Stockholm, with tall narrow houses in yellow ochre, orange and deep red.
- [Falun, Source of Falu red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/falun-se): A Swedish mining town whose copper mine gave the dark red paint seen on wooden houses across the country.
- [Reykjavík, Painted iron houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/reykjavik-is): Iceland's capital of small houses clad in corrugated iron, painted in bright colours under a grey sky.
- [Tobermory, The painted harbour of Mull](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tobermory-gb): A curve of red, yellow, blue and pink buildings along the harbour of a small Scottish island town.
- [Portmeirion, A pastel Italian fantasy in Wales](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/portmeirion-gb): A holiday village built by one architect over fifty years, in the colours of the Italian Riviera.
- [Bristol, Coloured terraces and Bristol blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/bristol-gb): Hillside terraces painted in a row of different colours, street art, and a deep blue glass named after the city.
- [Notting Hill, London's pastel terraces](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/notting-hill-gb): Victorian terraces painted pink, blue, yellow and lilac, and a summer carnival of feathers and sequins.
- [Kinsale, Ireland's painted harbour town](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kinsale-ie): A harbour town in County Cork whose narrow streets are lined with shops painted in strong, cheerful colours.
- [Wrocław, Painted market square](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/wroclaw-pl): One of Europe's largest market squares, ringed by tall gabled townhouses each in a different colour.
- [Poznań, The merchants' coloured houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/poznan-pl): A row of narrow arcaded houses in bright colours beside a Renaissance town hall on the old market square.
- [Tallinn, Red roofs and pastel merchants' houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tallinn-ee): A walled medieval town on the Baltic with cone-roofed towers, red tiles and soft-coloured house fronts.
- [Riga, Art Nouveau in pastel](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/riga-lv): A Baltic capital with hundreds of Art Nouveau buildings, their fronts in blue, cream and yellow with sculpted faces.
- [Prague, The Golden City of red roofs](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/prague-cz): A sea of red tiled roofs, blackened stone towers and Baroque fronts in ochre, pink and green.
- [Český Krumlov, Painted tower above red roofs](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cesky-krumlov-cz): A small Bohemian town in a river loop, with red roofs and a castle tower painted pink, green and yellow.
- [Sighișoara, Pastel citadel of Transylvania](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sighisoara-ro): A small walled hill town of cobbled lanes and houses in ochre, green, pink and blue.
- [Tirana, The repainted capital](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tirana-al): Grey communist-era apartment blocks were painted in bold colours and patterns from the year 2000.
- [Dubrovnik, Terracotta roofs inside white walls](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/dubrovnik-hr): A walled city of pale stone on the Adriatic, covered by a tight field of orange roof tiles.
- [Kotor, Orange roofs under grey mountains](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/kotor-me): A small walled town at the head of a deep bay, its orange roofs pressed against bare grey cliffs.
- [Sedona, Red Rock Country](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/sedona-us): A small Arizona city ringed by towers and cliffs of red sandstone, with rules that keep buildings muted.
- [Santa Fe, The adobe city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/santa-fe-us): New Mexico's capital, where a city rule keeps buildings in earth-coloured adobe style with turquoise trim.
- [Miami Beach, Art Deco pastels](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/miami-beach-us): Hundreds of 1930s hotels in pink, mint, aqua and peach line the streets behind the beach, with neon at night.
- [New Orleans, Purple, green and gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/new-orleans-us): A city of brightly painted cottages and iron balconies, dressed in purple, green and gold each carnival.
- [Charleston, Rainbow Row](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/charleston-us): Thirteen Georgian merchants' houses in a row, each a different pastel, on the waterfront of a southern port.
- [San Francisco, Painted Ladies and International Orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/san-francisco-us): A red-orange bridge chosen to show through fog, and Victorian wooden houses painted in three or more colours.
- [New York, City of yellow cabs](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/new-york-us): Yellow taxis thread streets of brown stone, grey steel and glass; a green statue stands in the harbour.
- [St. John's, Jellybean Row](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/st-johns-ca): Wooden row houses in red, yellow, blue and green climb the hills above a foggy North Atlantic harbour.
- [Izamal, The Yellow City](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/izamal-mx): A town in Yucatán where the convent, the arcades and nearly every house are painted the same egg-yolk yellow.
- [Guanajuato, A ravine full of coloured houses](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/guanajuato-mx): A silver-mining city wedged in a narrow valley, its hillsides stacked with houses of every colour.
- [Oaxaca, Cochineal red and green stone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/oaxaca-mx): A city of green stone and painted walls in a region that gave the world a brilliant red dye from insects.
- [San Miguel de Allende, Ochre walls and a pink church](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/san-miguel-de-allende-mx): A colonial hill town in central Mexico painted in reds, ochres and yellows, around a pink stone church.
- [Campeche, Walled city of pastel streets](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/campeche-mx): A fortified port on the Gulf of Mexico with straight streets of low houses in pale, carefully kept colours.
- [Tlacotalpan, River port of bold arcades](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/tlacotalpan-mx): A quiet town on the Papaloapan river where every house has a columned porch in a different strong colour.
- [Antigua Guatemala, Yellow arch below the volcanoes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/antigua-guatemala-gt): A colonial city of low houses in yellow, red and blue, known for a yellow arch and carpets of dyed sawdust.
- [Granada, The yellow cathedral city](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/granada-ni): A colonial city on Lake Nicaragua, with a yellow-and-white cathedral and streets of brightly painted houses.
- [Havana, Faded pastels and candy-coloured cars](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/havana-cu): Grand old buildings in sun-bleached pastels, and American cars of the 1950s repainted in bright gloss.
- [Trinidad, Sugar-town pastels](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/trinidad-cu): A small Cuban town of cobbled streets and low houses in yellow, blue and pink, built on sugar wealth.
- [Willemstad, Dutch gables in Caribbean colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/willemstad-cw): A waterfront of Dutch-style gabled houses painted yellow, pink, blue and green on the island of Curaçao.
- [Cartagena, Walled city of balconies](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cartagena-co): A Caribbean port inside thick walls, with houses in ochre, blue and pink and balconies heavy with flowers.
- [Guatapé, Town of the painted panels](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/guatape-co): Every house in this Colombian lakeside town has a band of painted relief pictures along the foot of its walls.
- [Caño Cristales, The river of five colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cano-cristales-co): A clear river in Colombia whose bed turns bright red for a few months each year.
- [Cusco, Inca stone and a rainbow flag](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/cusco-pe): The old Inca capital: fitted grey stone walls, red tiled roofs, blue balconies and brightly dyed textiles.
- [Vinicunca, Rainbow Mountain](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/vinicunca-pe): A ridge high in the Andes striped in red, yellow, green and lavender by layers of different minerals.
- [Salar de Uyuni, The white salt flat](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/uyuni-bo): The largest salt flat on earth: a level white plain that becomes a mirror of the sky after rain.
- [La Boca, Caminito, the painted alley](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/la-boca-ar): A dockside quarter of Buenos Aires where houses of wood and corrugated iron are painted in blocks of colour.
- [Purmamarca, Hill of Seven Colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/purmamarca-ar): An adobe village in north-west Argentina at the foot of a hill striped in red, green, violet and yellow.
- [Valparaíso, Painted hills above the Pacific](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/valparaiso-cl): A Chilean port of steep hills, old funiculars, houses clad in painted iron and walls covered in murals.
- [Pelourinho, Salvador's pastel heart](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/pelourinho-br): The old upper town of Salvador da Bahia: steep cobbled squares lined with pastel colonial houses and churches.
- [Olinda, Painted hill town of carnival](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/olinda-br): A colonial town on hills above the sea near Recife, with bright house fronts, white churches and palm trees.
- [Paraty, White walls, coloured frames](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/paraty-br): A colonial port between forest and sea, where every house is white and every door and window frame is a bright colour.
- [Uluru, The Red Centre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/uluru-au): A great sandstone rock in central Australia that glows orange and red at sunrise and sunset.
- [Broome, Red cliffs, white sand, turquoise sea](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/broome-au): A pearling town in north-west Australia where rust-red earth meets white beach and bright turquoise water.
- [Brighton Beach, Melbourne's bathing boxes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/brighton-beach-au): A single row of small wooden beach huts, each painted in its own bold design, on the bay south of Melbourne.
- [Hobart, Sandstone port under the southern lights](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/hobart-au): Tasmania's capital, with honey-coloured sandstone warehouses on the waterfront and, at times, a green and pink night sky.
- [Lake Hillier, The pink lake](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/lake-hillier-au): A small salt lake on an island off Western Australia whose water is a solid, milky pink.
- [Rotorua, Geothermal colours](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/rotorua-nz): A New Zealand city of hot springs, where minerals stain pools orange, green and yellow, and carving is painted red.
- [Wellington, Painted wooden houses on the hills](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/wellington-nz): New Zealand's capital: timber houses in many colours stepped up steep green hills around a harbour.
- [Nouméa, City on the turquoise lagoon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/cities/noumea-nc): The capital of New Caledonia, beside one of the world's largest lagoons, with flame trees that flower red in summer.

## Colour days
- [Epiphany](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/epiphany): White and gold in church for the visit of the Magi, and three kings in jewel-coloured robes in the street parades of Spain and Latin America.
- [Coming of Age Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/coming-of-age-day): Young women in long-sleeved furisode kimono of red, pink, green and gold, with white fur stoles against the January cold.
- [Makar Sankranti and the kite days](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/makar-sankranti): Skies full of paper kites in every colour over Gujarat, black clothes in Maharashtra, and saffron robes at the river in Prayagraj.
- [Pongal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pongal): White rice-flour kolam on the doorstep, yellow turmeric plants tied to the pot, and cattle with freshly painted horns.
- [Timkat](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/timkat): Crowds in white cotton, and priests under embroidered umbrellas of red, gold and purple, for the Ethiopian feast of the baptism of Christ.
- [Basant Panchami](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/basant-panchami): Everything yellow, the colour of mustard fields in flower: clothes, rice, sweets and the kites of Punjab.
- [Australia Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/australia-day): Green and gold, the national colours, and for many the black, red and yellow of the Aboriginal flag on a day of mourning.
- [Republic Day (India)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/republic-day-india): Saffron, white and green everywhere, from the parade in Delhi to tricolour sweets, kites and school uniforms.
- [International Holocaust Remembrance Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/holocaust-remembrance-day): Candle flames in the dark, and the remembered colours of the camps: the yellow star and the blue and grey striped cloth.
- [Thaipusam](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/thaipusam): Devotees of Murugan in yellow and orange, carrying kavadi frames dressed with peacock feathers and pots of white milk.
- [Waitangi Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/waitangi-day): Red, black and white: the colours of Māori carving, weaving and the Tino Rangatiratanga flag, flown beside the national flag.
- [National Wear Red Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/wear-red-day): Red dresses, ties and jumpers on the first Friday of February, to make people think about heart disease in women.
- [Valentine's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/valentines-day): Red roses, red hearts and pink cards. In Japan and Korea it is the day women give chocolate.
- [Maha Shivaratri](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/maha-shivaratri): Ash white, the green of bilva leaves and the blue of Shiva’s throat, on a night of fasting and vigil.
- [Lunar New Year (Spring Festival)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/lunar-new-year): Red and gold on every door: red paper couplets, red envelopes, red lanterns and gold characters for luck and wealth.
- [Tết](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/tet): Pink peach blossom in the north, yellow apricot blossom in the south, and red envelopes and banners everywhere.
- [Seollal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/seollal): Children in hanbok with rainbow-striped sleeves, and a bowl of white rice-cake soup for a clean start to the year.
- [Losar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/losar): Fresh prayer flags in blue, white, red, green and yellow strung over roofs and passes for the Tibetan New Year.
- [Tsagaan Sar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/tsagaan-sar): The "White Moon": white dairy foods, a white horse if you have one, and blue silk scarves held out in greeting.
- [Carnival in Brazil](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/carnival-brazil): Feathers, sequins and body glitter in every colour, with each samba school parading in its own two colours.
- [Trinidad and Tobago Carnival](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/trinidad-carnival): Mud, oil, paint and powder before dawn at J’ouvert, then feathered and beaded costumes in the sun.
- [Mardi Gras](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/mardi-gras): Purple, green and gold: the three colours of New Orleans Carnival, on beads, flags and the sugar of the king cake.
- [Ash Wednesday and Lent](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ash-wednesday-and-lent): A grey cross of ash on the forehead, then forty days of purple in church, with one Sunday of rose.
- [Basler Fasnacht](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/fasnacht-basel): At four in the morning the city lights go out and hundreds of hand-painted lanterns glow in the dark streets of Basel.
- [Pink Shirt Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pink-shirt-day): Pink shirts at school and work against bullying, after two Nova Scotia students stood up for a boy teased for wearing one.
- [St David's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/st-davids-day): Yellow daffodils and green leeks pinned to coats in Wales, with the red dragon and the gold cross of St David on black.
- [Adwa Victory Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/adwa-victory-day): Green, yellow and red, the Ethiopian tricolour that later gave many African flags their colours, over crowds in white.
- [Lantern Festival](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/lantern-festival): Red silk lanterns, painted paper lanterns and whole glowing sculptures on the first full moon of the Chinese year.
- [Hinamatsuri](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/hinamatsuri): Dolls of the imperial court on a red cloth, peach blossom, and diamond rice cakes in pink, white and green.
- [Holi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/holi): The festival of colours: pink, yellow, green and blue powder thrown on friends and strangers to welcome spring.
- [Purim](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/purim): The Jewish day of costumes and masks: queens, kings, clowns and superheroes in every colour, and baskets of sweets.
- [Ghana Independence Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ghana-independence-day): Red, gold and green with a black star, and kente cloth woven in the same strong colours.
- [International Women's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/international-womens-day): Purple, with green and white: the colours of the suffragettes. In Italy, sprigs of yellow mimosa.
- [White Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/white-day): One month after Valentine’s Day, men in Japan and Korea give white gifts in return: white chocolate, marshmallows, sweets.
- [St Patrick's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/st-patricks-day): Green clothes, green shamrock, green rivers and green lights around the world for Ireland’s patron saint.
- [Ugadi and Gudi Padwa](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ugadi-gudi-padwa): A bright silk gudi raised on a pole outside Marathi homes, and fresh green mango leaves over every door in the Deccan.
- [Nyepi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/nyepi): A night of painted demon giants, then a day and night of darkness: Bali turns off every light for its New Year.
- [Nowruz](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/nowruz): Green sprouts, red goldfish, painted eggs and the red of jumped-over fires for the Persian new year at the spring equinox.
- [Harmony Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/harmony-day): Orange shirts and ribbons in Australian schools and offices, for a day about belonging in a country of many cultures.
- [Pakistan Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pakistan-day): Dark green and white: the flag of Pakistan on buildings, badges and painted faces, and a military parade in Islamabad.
- [Hanami](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/hanami): Picnics under clouds of pale pink cherry blossom, with dumplings in pink, white and green. The dates move with the weather.
- [Greek Independence Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/greek-independence-day): Blue and white flags, schoolchildren in blue and white, and guards in white pleated kilts and red caps.
- [Purple Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/purple-day): Purple clothes for epilepsy awareness, an idea begun by a nine-year-old girl in Nova Scotia in 2008.
- [Mahavir Jayanti](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/mahavir-jayanti): The five-coloured Jain flag carried in procession, white-robed monks and nuns, and an image bathed in milk and saffron water.
- [International Transgender Day of Visibility](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/trans-day-of-visibility): Light blue, pink and white: the five stripes of the transgender pride flag.
- [World Autism Awareness Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/world-autism-awareness-day): Buildings lit blue by one campaign, while many autistic people choose red, gold or a rainbow infinity sign.
- [Qingming](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/qingming): Clear and bright: the fresh green of April, green rice dumplings, and white and yellow chrysanthemums on family graves.
- [Passover](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/passover): A white cloth, pale matzah, red wine and a plate of green herbs, brown paste and a roasted bone, each telling part of the story.
- [Palm Sunday](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/palm-sunday): Green palm and olive branches carried into church, red vestments at the altar, and in Poland tall "palms" of dyed dried flowers.
- [Good Friday](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/good-friday): Bare altars, black and purple, and in Guatemala carpets of dyed sawdust laid in the street for the processions to walk over.
- [Easter](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/easter): White and gold in church after the purple of Lent, white lilies, and eggs dyed and painted in spring colours.
- [Orthodox Easter (Pascha)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/orthodox-easter): Eggs dyed deep red, cracked one against another, and a midnight church filled with the light of hundreds of candles.
- [Day of Silence](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/day-of-silence): Students stay silent for a day for LGBTQ classmates; there is no set colour, but rainbow badges and tape are common.
- [Songkran](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/songkran): Flowered shirts, white powder paste on cheeks, jasmine garlands and a great deal of water for the Thai new year.
- [Thingyan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/thingyan): Yellow padauk flowers in the hair, pale thanaka paste on the cheeks and water thrown from street stages.
- [Sinhala and Tamil New Year](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/sinhala-tamil-new-year): A lucky colour to wear is announced each year by astrologers, and white milk rice is the first food.
- [Vaisakhi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/vaisakhi): Saffron and deep blue: the colours of the Khalsa, on turbans, flags and the robes of the five who lead the procession.
- [Pohela Boishakh](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pohela-boishakh): Red and white: white saris with red borders, red and white panjabis, and a parade of giant painted masks in Dhaka.
- [Vishu](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/vishu): The first thing seen on waking must be golden: yellow konna flowers, a golden cucumber, coins and a lit brass lamp.
- [Earth Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/earth-day): Green and blue: land and water, as the planet looks from space.
- [St George's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/st-georges-day): A red cross on white for England, and in Catalonia red roses and books under red and yellow stripes.
- [Anzac Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/anzac-day): Red poppies and a sprig of green rosemary, worn at dawn services for the war dead of Australia and New Zealand.
- [King's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/kings-day-netherlands): A whole country in orange, for the royal House of Orange-Nassau: shirts, wigs, cakes and canal boats.
- [Denim Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/denim-day): Blue jeans worn on purpose, in protest at a court ruling that blamed a rape victim’s tight jeans.
- [May Day (International Workers' Day)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/may-day): Red flags, red banners and red carnations for labour, and in France a sprig of white lily of the valley.
- [Vesak](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/vesak): Paper lanterns and the six colours of the Buddhist flag: blue, yellow, red, white and orange, and all five together.
- [Buddha Purnima](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/buddha-purnima): White clothes, white kheer, butter lamps and prayer flags at Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Lumbini.
- [Red Dress Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/red-dress-day): Empty red dresses hung from trees and in windows for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls.
- [Children's Day (Kodomo no Hi)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/childrens-day-japan): Carp streamers in black, red and blue swimming in the wind above five-coloured ribbons.
- [Norwegian Constitution Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/norwegian-constitution-day): Bunad, the embroidered regional dress, in black, red, blue and green wool with silver, under red, white and blue flags.
- [Buddha's Birthday in Korea (Yeondeunghoe)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/yeondeunghoe): Thousands of paper lotus lanterns in pink, yellow, green and blue hung over temple yards and carried through Seoul.
- [May Revolution Day (Argentina)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/may-revolution-day): Sky blue and white: flags, and the round ribbon cockade that Argentines pin to the chest all week.
- [Pentecost](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pentecost): Red vestments and red flowers, for the tongues of fire in which the Holy Spirit came to the apostles.
- [Corpus Christi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/corpus-christi): Whole streets carpeted with flower petals, dyed sawdust and coloured salt, laid for one procession and gone by evening.
- [Eid al-Adha](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/eid-al-adha): The white of pilgrims at Mecca, the black and gold cloth of the Kaaba, and new clothes for the feast at home.
- [Pride Month](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pride-month): The rainbow flag from 1 June: six stripes, each given a meaning by the artist who first sewed it in 1978.
- [World Environment Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/world-environment-day): Green, for trees planted and land restored, on the United Nations day for the environment.
- [National Day of Sweden](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/sweden-national-day): Blue and yellow: the flag, the folk dress with its yellow apron, and summer flowers in the same colours.
- [Dragon Boat Festival](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/dragon-boat-festival): Five-colour silk threads tied on children’s wrists, green leaf-wrapped rice dumplings and boats with painted dragon heads.
- [Juneteenth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/juneteenth): Red food and red drink on the table, and two flags: red, white and blue with a star, and red, black and green.
- [Midsummer](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/midsummer-sweden): A pole dressed in green birch leaves, crowns of wild flowers, white summer clothes and a sky that never gets dark.
- [Galungan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/galungan): Every Balinese street lined with penjor, tall curved bamboo poles hung with pale yellow palm-leaf ornaments.
- [Inti Raymi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/inti-raymi): Gold for the sun, red and woven stripes for the Inca court, and the rainbow flag of Cusco, at the Andean winter solstice.
- [Stonewall anniversary and Pride marches](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/stonewall-anniversary): The rainbow carried in the streets on the date of the 1969 Stonewall uprising, with the flags of many communities beside it.
- [Canada Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/canada-day): Red and white, the national colours, with the red maple leaf on faces, shirts and flags.
- [Independence Day (United States)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/independence-day-us): Red, white and blue on bunting, clothes, cakes and fireworks for the Fourth of July.
- [Tanabata](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/tanabata): Wishes written on paper strips of five colours and tied to green bamboo, for the night two stars meet across the Milky Way.
- [Ashura](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ashura): Black clothes and black banners among Shia Muslims, in mourning for Husayn, with flags of red and green.
- [Bastille Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/bastille-day): Blue, white and red: the tricolour on every town hall, and jets trailing the three colours over Paris.
- [King Vajiralongkorn's Birthday](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/thai-kings-birthday): Yellow shirts and yellow flags across Thailand: the king was born on a Monday, and Monday’s colour is yellow.
- [Emancipation Day (Caribbean)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/emancipation-day): African prints, kente and head wraps in red, gold and green, and in Jamaica the red and white plaid of bandana cloth.
- [Mother's Day in Thailand](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/thai-mothers-day): Light blue, the Friday colour of Queen Sirikit, whose birthday became Thai Mother’s Day, and white jasmine for mothers.
- [Obon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/obon): Paper lanterns to guide the ancestors home, indigo and white cotton yukata, and fires on the hills of Kyoto.
- [Independence Day (India)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/independence-day-india): The tricolour raised at the Red Fort, and saffron, white and green on kites, clothes and sweets across the country.
- [Independence Day (Indonesia)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/indonesia-independence-day): Red and white on every gate, lane and bicycle: the Merah Putih, with village games under strings of small flags.
- [Qixi (Chinese Valentine’s Day)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/qixi): Coloured threads and needlework under the stars, magpies in black and white, and today red roses.
- [Raksha Bandhan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/raksha-bandhan): A rakhi of red, yellow and gold thread tied on a brother’s wrist, and a red tilak on his forehead.
- [Onam](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/onam): Flower carpets in rings of orange, yellow, white and purple, and cream cotton with a gold border.
- [Janmashtami](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/janmashtami): The dark blue of Krishna, his yellow silk, and a peacock feather: children dress as the god for his birthday.
- [Ganesh Chaturthi](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ganesh-chaturthi): Red hibiscus and green durva grass for Ganesha, and clouds of pink-red gulal when the images go to the sea.
- [Independence Day (Brazil)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/brazil-independence-day): Green and yellow, with the blue globe of the flag: military parades and painted faces on Sete de Setembro.
- [Enkutatash](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/enkutatash): Hillsides yellow with adey abeba daisies after the rains, girls in white dresses, and fresh green grass on the floor.
- [Mexican Independence Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/mexican-independence-day): Green, white and red on flags, lights and food, from the midnight shout in the Zócalo to a stuffed chilli in the three colours.
- [International Day of Peace](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/international-day-of-peace): White: the dove, the flag of truce and white clothes, with the light blue of the United Nations.
- [Saudi National Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/saudi-national-day): Green everywhere: flags, lights, scarves and towers, for the day the kingdom was unified in 1932.
- [Heritage Day (South Africa)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/heritage-day): Every community in its own dress: Zulu beadwork, Xhosa white and ochre, Ndebele stripes, indigo shweshwe, and a six-colour flag.
- [Meskel](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/meskel): A tall bonfire crowned with yellow Meskel daisies, lit at dusk before crowds in white.
- [Orange Shirt Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/orange-shirt-day): Orange shirts across Canada, for the children taken to residential schools, after one girl’s new shirt was taken from her.
- [Rosh Hashanah](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/rosh-hashanah): White in the synagogue, and on the table golden honey, red pomegranate and round golden bread.
- [Yom Kippur](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/yom-kippur): A day in white: white robes, white prayer shawls and white cloth shoes for the Jewish day of atonement.
- [Mid-Autumn Festival](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/mid-autumn-festival): A full gold moon, golden-brown mooncakes with a yolk inside, and children carrying lit paper lanterns.
- [Chuseok](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/chuseok): Hanbok in autumn colours and half-moon rice cakes in white, green, pink and yellow, steamed on pine needles.
- [National Day of China](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/chinese-national-day): Red flags with five yellow stars on every street, and a huge basket of flowers in Tiananmen Square.
- [Independence Day (Nigeria)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/nigeria-independence-day): Green, white, green: the flag, and the same colours in head ties, caps and flowing gowns.
- [Pink October (Breast Cancer Awareness Month)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/pink-october): Pink ribbons, pink shirts and landmarks lit pink through October, to raise awareness of breast cancer.
- [German Unity Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/german-unity-day): Black, red and gold: the colours of German democracy since the nineteenth century.
- [Navratri](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/navratri): Nine nights, nine colours: a different colour to wear each day, and mirrored skirts whirling in the garba.
- [Dashain](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/dashain): A red tika of rice and vermilion on the forehead and yellow barley shoots behind the ear, given by elders in Nepal.
- [Durga Puja](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/durga-puja): White saris with a broad red border, red sindoor smeared on cheeks on the last day, and feet edged in red alta.
- [Spirit Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/spirit-day): Purple, taken from the stripe of the rainbow flag that stands for spirit, worn in support of bullied LGBTQ young people.
- [Karva Chauth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/karva-chauth): Married women in bridal red, with red bangles, dark henna and sindoor, fasting until the moon rises.
- [Halloween](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/halloween): Orange and black: pumpkins and firelight against the dark, with ghost white, purple and slime green added later.
- [All Saints' and All Souls' Days](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/all-saints-and-all-souls): White in church for the saints, then graveyards glowing with candles and heaped with chrysanthemums.
- [Day of the Dead](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/day-of-the-dead): Paths of orange marigold petals to lead the dead home, purple and pink cut paper, and white sugar skulls.
- [Diwali](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/diwali): Rows of small flames on a moonless night, rangoli in bright powders at the door, marigolds, and new clothes in red and gold.
- [Tihar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/tihar): Crows, dogs and cows garlanded with marigolds, and on the last day a tika of seven colours from sister to brother.
- [Remembrance Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/remembrance-day): The red paper poppy on the lapel, for the war dead; some wear white for peace, and in France a blue cornflower.
- [Chhath](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/chhath): Yellow and orange saris at the river’s edge, a long line of orange sindoor, and offerings held up to the setting and rising sun.
- [Shichi-Go-San](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/shichi-go-san): Children of seven, five and three in bright kimono at the shrine, with long red and white sweets for long life.
- [Guru Nanak Jayanti](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/guru-nanak-gurpurab): Gurdwaras outlined in lights, processions in saffron and blue, and the Golden Temple shining over its pool.
- [Loy Krathong](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/loy-krathong): Small boats of green banana leaf with flowers, a candle and incense, floated on dark water under the full moon.
- [Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/orange-the-world): Orange lights on public buildings, for a future free of violence against women; in Latin America, marches in purple.
- [Thanksgiving](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/thanksgiving): The colours of late autumn: pumpkin orange, corn yellow, cranberry red and the brown of roast turkey and fallen leaves.
- [Advent](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/advent): Four candles on a green wreath, three purple and one rose, lit one by one on the Sundays before Christmas.
- [St Andrew's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/st-andrews-day): A white diagonal cross on blue, the Saltire of Scotland, and tartan in every clan’s colours.
- [World AIDS Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/world-aids-day): A folded red ribbon on the chest, for those who have died of AIDS and those living with HIV.
- [Hanukkah](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/hanukkah): Blue and white, with silver, and one more candle flame each night for eight nights.
- [Jamhuri Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/jamhuri-day): Black, red and green, edged with white, and a Maasai shield: the Kenyan flag on shirts, beads and bracelets.
- [St Lucia's Day](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/st-lucys-day): A girl in a white gown with a red sash and a crown of candles, bringing light into the dark Swedish morning.
- [Victory Day (Bangladesh)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/bangladesh-victory-day): Red and green: a red disc on a green field, worn as saris, panjabis and painted cheeks.
- [Yalda Night](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/yalda): Red pomegranates and red watermelon on the longest night of the year, the colour of the dawn that will follow.
- [Christmas](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/christmas-day): Red and green, with gold and white: holly, fir, candlelight and snow, and white and gold in church.
- [Kwanzaa](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/kwanzaa): Black, red and green: seven candles in those colours, one lit each night for seven principles.
- [New Year's Eve](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/new-years-eve): What you wear at midnight sets the year: white in Brazil, red underwear in Italy, yellow in much of Latin America.
- [Ramadan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/ramadan): Lanterns of coloured glass in Cairo, strings of lights between minarets, and the thin silver crescent that starts the month.
- [Eid al-Fitr](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/eid-al-fitr): New clothes for everyone: white for the morning prayer, bangles and henna in South Asia, green packets in Malaysia.
- [Mawlid](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/days/mawlid): Green flags, green lights and green turbans for the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, where the day is kept.

## What colours mean, by country
- AE, red: The flag uses the four Pan-Arab colours: a red bar at the hoist with green, white and black bands. It was designed by a young Emirati, Abdullah Al Maainah, in 1971.
- AE, gold: Dubai is called the City of Gold for its gold souk, a market of hundreds of jewellers. Much of what is sold is bridal jewellery for South Asian and Arab families.
- AF, blue: Lapis lazuli has been mined in the mountains of Badakhshan for more than six thousand years. Ground to powder it gave ultramarine, the costliest blue in European painting.
- AF, blue: The chadari is a full-length covering for women with a mesh panel over the eyes. In Kabul and the north it is most often a light blue.
- AF, white: The Taliban flag is white with the Muslim declaration of faith in black. It replaced the black, red and green tricolour of the republic in 2021.
- AL, red: The flag is a black double-headed eagle on red, the banner of the fifteenth-century hero Skanderbeg. Fans chant Kuq e Zi, red and black.
- AL, black: The black eagle gives the country its own name for itself: Shqiperia is commonly read as the land of the eagles.
- AM, red: Armenian scribes painted manuscripts with vordan karmir, a crimson dye made from an insect that lives on the roots of grasses in the Ararat plain.
- AM, orange: The lowest band of the flag is orange, often called apricot, after the national fruit. The constitution says it stands for the creative talent and hard work of the people.
- AM, blue: The blue band of the flag stands for the wish of the Armenian people to live under peaceful skies. The red above it is for the highlands and the struggle to survive.
- AR, red: Under Juan Manuel de Rosas in the 1830s and 1840s, everyone had to wear a scarlet ribbon to show loyalty to his Federalist party. His enemies, the Unitarians, were tied to sky blue.
- AR, green: A green kerchief is the sign of the campaign for legal abortion. Huge crowds wore it in 2018, and the movement was called the green wave.
- AR, blue: The flag is sky blue, white and sky blue, created by Manuel Belgrano in 1812. National teams are called the Albiceleste, the white and sky blue.
- AR, blue: Boca Juniors play in blue and gold. The club's story is that in 1907 it took the colours of the flag of the next ship into port, which was Swedish.
- AR, pink: The president's office in Buenos Aires is the Casa Rosada, the Pink House. A popular story says its paint once had ox blood mixed in, though this is not proven.
- AR, white: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo wore white headscarves as they marched to demand news of children who disappeared under the dictatorship of 1976 to 1983.
- AR, gold: The golden Sun of May at the centre of the flag recalls the May Revolution of 1810. Its face is linked with Inti, the Inca sun god.
- AT, red: The flag is red, white and red. Legend says Duke Leopold V's white tunic was soaked in blood at the siege of Acre, all but the band under his belt.
- AT, black: Black and yellow were the colours of the Habsburg monarchy. They come from the black double-headed eagle on a gold ground used by the Holy Roman Emperors.
- AU, red: Red ochre is used in Aboriginal rock art and ceremony, and is traded over long distances. In the Aboriginal flag the red half stands for the earth and for that ochre.
- AU, yellow: The yellow disc of the Aboriginal flag is the sun, giver of life. The flag was designed by the Luritja artist Harold Thomas and first flown in Adelaide in 1971.
- AU, green: Green and gold have been the official national colours since 1984 and are worn by national sports teams. They echo the leaves and flowers of the golden wattle.
- AU, green: A Test cricketer is given a dark green cap, the baggy green, on first playing for Australia. Many players wear the same faded cap for a whole career.
- AU, blue: To be true blue is to be honestly and loyally Australian. The phrase is older than the country, but Australians have made it their own.
- AU, blue: The Torres Strait Islander flag has a blue band for the sea between green bands for the land. A white dhari, a dancer's headdress, sits at the centre.
- AU, pink: The third day of the New Year's Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground is Jane McGrath Day. The crowd wears pink to raise money for breast cancer nurses.
- AU, black: The black upper half of the Aboriginal flag stands for the Aboriginal people of Australia.
- BD, red: The flag is a red disc on a green field. The red is read both as the sun rising over Bengal and as the blood of those who died in the 1971 Liberation War.
- BD, red: On Pohela Boishakh, the Bengali New Year in April, women wear white saris with red borders and men wear red and white panjabis for the morning processions.
- BD, red: A Bengali Muslim bride usually marries in a red sari, often a Benarasi or a Jamdani, with gold jewellery.
- BD, yellow: At the gaye holud, held a day or two before a wedding, relatives rub turmeric paste on the bride and groom. Guests dress in yellow and orange.
- BD, yellow: On Pohela Falgun, the first day of spring, young women wear yellow and orange saris, a shade called basanti, with flowers in their hair.
- BD, green: The green field of the flag stands for the land and its rice fields. Many people also read it as the youth and vigour of the country.
- BD, black: On 21 February, Language Martyrs' Day, people wear black badges and black and white clothes and walk barefoot to the Shaheed Minar to honour those killed in 1952.
- BE, red: The national football team is called the Red Devils, a name first used by a journalist in 1906 for the side's red shirts.
- BE, yellow: The Flemish flag is a black lion on yellow, and the Walloon flag a red cockerel on yellow. The language communities are often shown by these colours.
- BE, black: The black, yellow and red of the flag come from the arms of the Duchy of Brabant: a gold lion with red claws and tongue on black. They were raised in the 1830 revolution.
- BG, red: On 1 March people give each other martenitsi, small tassels or dolls of red and white thread. They are worn until the first stork or blossoming tree is seen.
- BG, green: The flag is white, green and red. The green band, which took the place of the blue in the Russian flag, is read as the country's forests and farmland.
- BG, pink: The Rose Valley near Kazanlak grows pink damask roses for rose oil. The harvest in late May and June is marked by a festival and the crowning of a Rose Queen.
- BN, yellow: The flag is yellow, the colour of the Sultan. By custom, ordinary people did not wear yellow in the ruler's presence.
- BN, black: Two diagonal stripes cross the yellow of the flag, one white and one black. They stand for the Sultan's two chief ministers.
- BO, red: The flag is red, yellow and green: red for the blood of the country's soldiers, yellow for its mineral wealth and green for the richness of its land.
- BO, white: The wiphala, a square flag of 49 small squares in seven colours with a white diagonal, stands for the Andean peoples. It has been a second national flag since 2009.
- BR, red: Red is the colour of the Workers' Party, founded in 1980, whose symbol is a red star. Its rallies are a sea of red shirts and flags.
- BR, yellow: The national football team plays in a yellow shirt with green trim, the canarinho. It was chosen in a newspaper contest after the 1950 World Cup final was lost in white.
- BR, yellow: The yellow diamond of the flag is commonly said to stand for gold. It came from the House of Habsburg, the family of the first empress.
- BR, green: The green field of the flag is commonly said to stand for the forests. It was first the colour of the House of Braganza, the family of the first emperor.
- BR, blue: Light blue and white are the colours of Iemanja, the sea goddess of Candomble and Umbanda. On 2 February in Salvador her followers send flowers and gifts out to sea.
- BR, white: On New Year's Eve crowds on the beaches dress in white for peace in the year ahead. The custom comes from the Afro-Brazilian religions, whose followers wear white.
- BR, black: Black is the usual colour of mourning. Widows in older generations wore it for a year, and the custom is called luto.
- BT, orange: The flag is split corner to corner. The orange half stands for the Buddhist tradition, and the white dragon across the middle for purity.
- BT, yellow: Men wear a long scarf, the kabney, on formal occasions, and its colour shows rank. Saffron yellow is kept for the King and the Je Khenpo, the chief abbot.
- BT, white: An ordinary citizen's kabney is white with fringes. It must be worn to enter a dzong, the fortress that houses both monks and government offices.
- BW, blue: The light blue of the flag stands for rain. In this dry country the word pula means rain, blessing and the national currency.
- BW, black: The black stripe edged in white across the flag stands for harmony between people of different races. It also recalls the zebra, the national animal.
- BY, red: A white, red and white flag was the state flag in 1918 and again from 1991 to 1995. It became the banner of the opposition in the protests of 2020.
- BY, green: The official flag is red and green with a red and white strip of traditional ornament at the hoist. It is based on the Soviet-era flag of the republic.
- CA, red: Red and white are the national colours. The flag, a red maple leaf between two red bars, was adopted in 1965 after a long debate in parliament.
- CA, red: Officers of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police wear the Red Serge, a scarlet tunic with a high collar, on ceremonial duty. It is one of the best known images of the country abroad.
- CA, red: Empty red dresses hung in public places stand for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. The idea comes from the REDress Project by the Metis artist Jaime Black.
- CA, orange: On 30 September people wear orange shirts to remember the children sent to residential schools. Phyllis Webstad's new orange shirt was taken from her on her first day at one.
- CA, orange: Orange is also the colour of the New Democratic Party. Its sweep of Quebec seats in the 2011 election was called the Orange Wave.
- CA, yellow: Many First Nations use the medicine wheel, a circle in four parts. A common form has yellow, red, black and white quarters for the four directions, though the colours vary between nations.
- CA, blue: The flag of Quebec, the Fleurdelise, is blue with a white cross and four white lilies. Blue is the colour of Quebec nationalism and of the Parti Quebecois.
- CH, red: The flag is a white cross on a red square, one of only two square national flags. The Red Cross emblem is the same design with the colours reversed, in honour of Switzerland.
- CH, white: A red cross on white, the Swiss flag reversed, marks medical staff and aid workers in war and must not be attacked under the Geneva Conventions.
- CL, red: The copihue, a climbing plant with waxy red bell flowers, is the national flower. The men's football team plays in red and is called La Roja.
- CL, blue: The flag is called La Estrella Solitaria, the lone star. Its blue square stands for the sky and the Pacific, white for the snow of the Andes and red for blood shed for independence.
- CL, white: A lone white star sits on the blue of the flag. It is read as a guide on the path of progress and honour.
- CM, red: The flag is green, red and yellow with a gold star. Green is for the forests of the south, yellow for the sun and savanna of the north, and red for unity.
- CM, green: The national football team, the Indomitable Lions, plays in green shirts, red shorts and yellow socks, the colours of the flag.
- CN, red: Red stands for good fortune and happiness. Brides traditionally wear it, doors are hung with red couplets at New Year, and gifts of money come in red envelopes.
- CN, red: The national flag is red with five yellow stars. The red stands for the Communist revolution, and the same red runs through party banners and slogans.
- CN, yellow: Yellow was the emperor's colour. Under the Ming and Qing dynasties bright yellow robes and yellow glazed roof tiles, as on the Forbidden City, were reserved for him.
- CN, green: To "wear a green hat" is a Chinese phrase for a man whose wife is unfaithful. For that reason men avoid green hats, and they make a poor gift.
- CN, cyan: The old colour word qing covers green, blue and the shades between. In the five-element system it belongs to wood, the east and spring.
- CN, white: White is the traditional colour of death and mourning. Families wore undyed white cloth at funerals, and condolence money is still given in white envelopes.
- CN, gold: Gold stands for wealth. It is paired with red on New Year decorations, wedding invitations and shop signs to wish for a prosperous year.
- CO, red: For a century and a half, politics was a contest between the red of the Liberals and the blue of the Conservatives. Their fighting peaked in the years called La Violencia.
- CO, yellow: The flag is yellow, blue and red, with the yellow band twice as wide. Yellow is read as the gold and riches of the land, blue as the two oceans and red as the blood of independence.
- CO, yellow: Gabriel Garcia Marquez kept a yellow rose on his desk for luck, and yellow butterflies follow a lover in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Readers mourned him with yellow paper butterflies.
- CO, green: The mines of Muzo and Chivor produce emeralds prized for their deep green. The Muisca people traded them long before the Spanish arrived.
- CO, blue: Blue is the colour of the Conservative Party, the old rival of the Liberals. Whole towns were once known as blue or red by the party they backed.
- CO, gold: The Muisca made offerings of gold figures to the gods at Lake Guatavita. The ritual of a new ruler covered in gold dust gave rise to the legend of El Dorado.
- CU, red: The 26th of July Movement, which Fidel Castro led to power in 1959, flew a red and black flag. It still appears beside the national flag on public holidays.
- CU, yellow: Yellow is the colour of Our Lady of Charity of El Cobre, patron of Cuba, and of Ochun, the Santeria spirit of rivers and love. Pilgrims bring her sunflowers.
- CU, blue: The flag has three blue stripes for the three old departments of the island, two white ones for the purity of the cause, and a red triangle with a white star.
- CU, white: A person newly initiated into Santeria, called an iyawo, dresses entirely in white for a year and keeps the head covered.
- CY, orange: The flag shows the island in copper orange on white. The colour recalls copper, which was mined here in ancient times and may have taken its name from Cyprus.
- CY, white: The flag's designers avoided blue and red, the colours of Greece and Turkey. The white field and two olive branches stand for peace between the island's communities.
- CZ, red: Decorated Easter eggs are called kraslice, a name that comes from an old word for red. Girls give them to boys on Easter Monday.
- CZ, green: The Thursday before Easter is called Green Thursday. By custom people eat something green, such as spinach or herbs, and some pubs serve green beer.
- CZ, blue: The flag is white over red, the colours of Bohemia, with a blue wedge added in 1920 so that it could be told from the Polish flag.
- DE, red: Red is the colour of the Social Democrats. Coalitions are named by party colours: red, yellow and green make a "traffic light", and black, yellow and green a "Jamaica" coalition.
- DE, yellow: Yellow is the colour of the liberal Free Democrats. To be "yellow with envy", gelb vor Neid, is the usual German phrase where English says green.
- DE, green: Green is the colour of Alliance 90/The Greens, one of the first environmental parties to enter a national parliament, in 1983.
- DE, blue: The blue flower, die blaue Blume, comes from a novel by Novalis. It became the emblem of German Romanticism and stands for longing for what cannot be reached.
- DE, blue: Prussian blue, one of the first modern synthetic pigments, was made by accident in Berlin in the early 1700s. It later coloured the coats of the Prussian army.
- DE, brown: Brown is the colour of Nazism in German political speech, after the brown shirts of the party's stormtroopers. To call a view "brown" is to call it far right.
- DE, white: The national football team plays in white shirts and black shorts, the colours of the old Prussian flag, not those of the national flag.
- DE, black: Black is the colour of the Christian Democrats and their Bavarian sister party. The usage goes back to the black robes of the Catholic clergy.
- DE, gold: The black, red and gold flag goes back to the democratic movement of the early 1800s and the 1848 revolutions. The colours are often traced to the uniforms of the Lutzow volunteers who fought Napoleon.
- DK, red: The flag, the Dannebrog, is a white cross on red. Legend says it fell from the sky during a battle in Estonia in 1219. Danes use it on birthday tables and Christmas trees.
- DK, blue: Royal Copenhagen porcelain is hand-painted in cobalt blue on white. Its first pattern, Blue Fluted, has been made since the factory opened in 1775.
- DZ, green: The flag is half green and half white with a red crescent and star. The green stands for Islam and the white for peace.
- DZ, white: Algiers is called Alger la Blanche, the white city, for its whitewashed buildings. Women there once went out wrapped in the haik, a large white cloth.
- EE, blue: The flag is blue, black and white. Blue is for the sky, lakes and sea, black for the soil and the dark past, and white for snow, birch bark and hope.
- EE, black: The black band of the flag is also linked with the black coat that Estonian peasant men once wore.
- EG, red: The ancient Egyptians called the desert deshret, the red land. Red was the colour of the god Set, of chaos and of danger, and scribes wrote unlucky words in red ink.
- EG, red: The flag is red, white and black. Red recalls the struggle before the 1952 revolution, white the revolution itself, which was nearly bloodless, and black the end of oppression.
- EG, green: In ancient Egypt green meant new growth and life after death. Osiris, god of the dead and of rebirth, was painted with green skin.
- EG, blue: Ancient craftsmen made Egyptian blue, one of the first synthetic pigments, and blue-glazed faience for amulets. Blue stood for the sky and the Nile.
- EG, blue: Many households hang a blue glass bead with an eye on it by the door or in the car to keep off the evil eye, known as hasad. Blue eye beads were already made in ancient Egypt.
- EG, black: The old name of the country, Kemet, means the black land, after the dark silt left by the Nile flood. To the ancient Egyptians black was the colour of fertile soil and new life.
- EG, gold: The ancient Egyptians held that the flesh of the gods was gold, which never tarnishes. Royal coffins and masks, like Tutankhamun's, were made of it.
- ES, red: The flag is red and yellow, the rojigualda. The colours were chosen for the navy in 1785 because they stood out at sea, and the men's football team is called La Roja.
- ES, red: In the last part of a bullfight the matador uses a small red cape, the muleta. Bulls do not see red as we do. It is the movement that draws them, and the colour hides the blood.
- ES, red: At the San Fermin festival in Pamplona each July, runners and crowds dress in white with a red neckerchief and red sash.
- ES, green: Green has a bawdy sense in Spanish. A chiste verde is a dirty joke, and a viejo verde is a lecherous old man.
- ES, blue: The Falange, the fascist party of the Franco years, wore blue shirts, and its song Cara al Sol speaks of the new shirt. Today blue is the colour of the conservative People's Party.
- ES, purple: In Holy Week, members of religious brotherhoods walk in procession in robes and pointed hoods, many of them purple, the colour of penance. A purple band also marked the flag of the Second Republic.
- ES, black: Under Philip II in the sixteenth century, plain black became the dress of the Spanish court and was copied across Europe. The deep black dye came from logwood shipped from the Americas.
- ET, red: The red band of the flag is read as the blood shed in defending the country. Ethiopia was never colonised, and its green, yellow and red were taken up by many new African states.
- ET, yellow: Yellow daisies called adey abeba cover the highlands at the end of the rains in September. Children give bunches of them at Enkutatash, the New Year.
- ET, yellow: The yellow band of the flag stands for peace and hope. The three colours have flown together since the 1890s, in the reign of Menelik II.
- ET, green: The green band at the top of the flag stands for the land and its fertility. Green, yellow and red are also the colours of sashes and umbrellas at Orthodox church festivals.
- ET, blue: The blue disc at the centre of the flag, added in 1996, stands for peace. The star on it is for the unity and equality of the country's peoples.
- ET, white: Orthodox Christians go to church wrapped in the netela, a thin white cotton shawl. At Timkat, the feast of Epiphany, crowds in white follow the priests to the water.
- FI, blue: The flag is a blue cross on white, called the Siniristilippu. The poet Zachris Topelius proposed the colours: blue for the lakes and white for the snow.
- FI, white: On the eve of May Day, students and former students of every age put on their white graduation caps for picnics and parties in the parks.
- FJ, blue: The light blue field of the flag stands for the Pacific Ocean around the islands. It set the flag apart from the dark blue colonial ensign.
- FJ, brown: Masi is bark cloth beaten from paper mulberry and printed in brown and black. It is worn at weddings and funerals and given in ceremonial exchanges.
- FR, red: The red Phrygian cap, a soft cap with the tip pulled forward, became the sign of liberty in the Revolution. Marianne, the figure of the Republic, still wears it.
- FR, yellow: From late 2018, protesters against fuel taxes and living costs wore the yellow high-visibility vests that every driver must carry. They became known as the gilets jaunes.
- FR, yellow: The leader of the Tour de France wears the yellow jersey. It was introduced in 1919 and matches the yellow paper of L'Auto, the newspaper that ran the race.
- FR, blue: Blue was the colour of the French kings, whose arms were gold lilies on blue. It is the first band of the tricolour, and national sports teams are called Les Bleus.
- FR, pink: Toulouse is called la Ville Rose, the pink city, for the soft pink brick of its old buildings.
- FR, white: White was the colour of the Bourbon kings. In the tricolour it sits between the blue and red of Paris, and after 1815 the restored monarchy flew a plain white flag.
- FR, white: French queens once mourned in white, a custom called deuil blanc. Mary, Queen of Scots, was painted in white mourning after the death of her husband, Francis II.
- GB, red: Each November people pin on a red paper poppy to remember those killed in war. The flower grew on the battlefields of Flanders in the First World War.
- GB, red: Red is the colour of the Labour Party, whose symbol is a red rose, and blue the colour of the Conservatives. Election maps are drawn in the two.
- GB, red: Post boxes, telephone kiosks and London buses share a bright red. Post boxes were painted green at first and changed to red from 1874 so that they were easier to find.
- GB, green: British racing green is the dark green of British motor racing cars. It dates from the early 1900s, when each country's cars raced in a national colour.
- GB, blue: At Oxford and Cambridge a blue is the award given to those who represent the university in sport. Oxford's is dark blue and Cambridge's light blue, as worn in the Boat Race.
- GB, purple: Suffragettes campaigning for women's votes wore purple, white and green: purple for dignity, white for purity and green for hope.
- GB, white: Queen Victoria married in white silk and lace in 1840. Prints of the dress spread widely, and white became the usual colour for brides across the West.
- GB, black: After Prince Albert died in 1861, Queen Victoria wore black for the rest of her life. Victorian widows were expected to wear full black for at least a year.
- GE, red: The flag has a large red cross on white with four small crosses. It was a medieval banner brought back into use by the opposition and made official in 2004.
- GE, pink: In November 2003 protesters entered parliament carrying roses, and the president resigned without bloodshed. The change of power is called the Rose Revolution.
- GH, red: At Akan funerals the close family wear red or red and black. Red shows the sharpest grief, and it is often worn when the death was sudden or the person young.
- GH, red: The flag is red, gold and green with a black star. The red is for the blood of those who died in the struggle for independence, won in 1957.
- GH, green: The green band of the flag stands for the forests and farmland. In kente cloth, green threads mean planting, harvest and growth.
- GH, brown: Kuntunkuni is a dark brown mourning cloth of the Asante, dyed with tree bark. Adinkra cloth, stamped with symbols, was first made on such dark grounds for funerals.
- GH, white: White is worn for a baby's naming day, for thanksgiving after an illness and at the funeral of someone who died very old, when the family gives thanks for a long life.
- GH, black: The black star at the centre of the flag is the lodestar of African freedom. It gives the national football team its name, the Black Stars.
- GH, gold: Gold is the colour of Asante kingship. The Golden Stool holds the soul of the nation, and in kente cloth gold threads stand for royalty and wealth.
- GR, red: Eggs are dyed red on the Thursday before Easter to stand for the blood of Christ. After the midnight service families crack them against each other.
- GR, red: On 1 March children tie on a martis, a bracelet of twisted red and white thread. It is worn until the end of the month and is said to protect the skin from the spring sun.
- GR, green: Green is the colour of PASOK, the socialist party that led many governments after 1981. Its symbol is a green rising sun.
- GR, blue: The flag is blue and white, with nine stripes and a white cross. The colours are usually read as the sea and sky and the white of the waves and clouds.
- GR, blue: A blue glass eye, the mati, is worn on a chain or hung in homes and cars against the evil eye. Blue is held to be the colour that turns the harm back.
- GR, purple: A child born to a reigning Byzantine emperor was called porphyrogennetos, born in the purple. The birth took place in a palace room lined with purple stone.
- GR, black: Close family wear black for at least forty days after a death, and often for a year. In villages many widows keep to black for the rest of their lives.
- GR, gold: Orthodox icons and church mosaics set their figures against a ground of gold. It stands for the light of heaven, not for any earthly place.
- GT, yellow: In Maya thought each direction has a colour: red for east, white for north, black for west and yellow for south. They match the four colours of maize.
- GT, green: The ancient Maya prized green above all colours. Jade and the long green tail feathers of the quetzal were kept for kings. The quetzal is the national bird and gives the currency its name.
- GT, blue: The flag has two sky-blue bands with white between. The blue stands for the Pacific and the Caribbean on either side of the land, and for the sky.
- HK, red: The flag is red with a white bauhinia flower. The red matches the flag of China, and the design stands for the formula of one country, two systems.
- HK, yellow: In the 2014 street protests for democracy, people used umbrellas against pepper spray. Yellow umbrellas and ribbons became the movement's sign.
- HR, red: The red and white chequerboard, the sahovnica, is the heart of the national arms. It covers the shirts of national sports teams.
- HR, blue: The flag is red, white and blue, the Pan-Slavic colours, with the chequered shield at the centre under a crown of five older regional arms.
- HT, red: The flag is blue over red. Tradition says Jean-Jacques Dessalines made it in 1803 by tearing the white band out of the French tricolour.
- HT, white: In Vodou each spirit has its colours. White is for Danbala, the serpent spirit of wisdom, and people often wear white to ceremonies.
- HU, red: The flag is red, white and green: red for strength, white for faithfulness and green for hope. On 15 March people pin on a cockade in the three colours.
- HU, red: On Easter Monday boys sprinkle girls with water or perfume and are given painted eggs in return. The classic egg is plain red, piros tojas.
- ID, red: The flag is called Sang Saka Merah Putih, the Red and White. Red is commonly read as courage and white as purity. It was raised at the declaration of independence in 1945.
- ID, yellow: Yellow is the colour of Golkar, the party that ruled through the Suharto years. Its banyan tree symbol sits on a yellow ground.
- ID, green: On the south coast of Java, visitors are warned not to wear green to the beach. Folk belief holds that it is the colour of Nyai Roro Kidul, the Queen of the Southern Sea, who takes those who wear it.
- ID, brown: The batik of the Javanese courts at Yogyakarta and Surakarta is dyed in soga brown with indigo and cream. Some court patterns were once reserved for the royal family.
- ID, white: Muslims, the majority, wrap the dead in a plain white shroud, the kafan. In Bali, Hindus wear white to temple ceremonies and cremations.
- ID, black: In Bali, a black and white chequered cloth called poleng is wrapped around statues, shrines and large trees. It shows the balance of opposites and marks a place as guarded.
- IE, orange: The orange stripe of the flag stands for Protestants, the followers of William of Orange. In Northern Ireland the Orange Order still marches each 12 July in orange sashes.
- IE, green: Green stands for Ireland itself, the Emerald Isle, and for Saint Patrick's shamrock. On 17 March people wear green and a sprig of shamrock.
- IE, green: The green stripe of the flag stands for the older Gaelic and Catholic tradition. Green was the colour of the United Irishmen, whose 1798 rising is recalled in the song The Wearing of the Green.
- IE, blue: Before green took over, blue was the colour tied to Ireland and its patron saint. A shade called Saint Patrick's blue is still used on the President's flag behind the gold harp.
- IE, white: The white in the middle of the flag stands for a lasting peace between the green and orange traditions.
- IE, gold: The state's arms are a gold harp with silver strings on a blue field. The harp appears on coins, passports and government papers.
- IL, red: Some people wear a thin red string around the left wrist against the evil eye. The strings are often said to have been wound around Rachel's Tomb near Bethlehem. It is a folk custom.
- IL, orange: Opponents of the 2005 withdrawal from Gaza took orange as their colour, tying orange ribbons to cars and bags. Supporters of the plan answered with blue.
- IL, yellow: Since the attack of 7 October 2023, yellow ribbons and yellow chairs have stood for the hostages taken to Gaza and for the demand to bring them home.
- IL, blue: The flag is white with two blue stripes and a Star of David. The stripes recall the tallit, the Jewish prayer shawl, which is white with blue or black bands.
- IL, blue: Tekhelet is the blue dye the Torah commands for one thread of the fringes on a prayer shawl. The method was lost for centuries, and some Jews now use a dye made from sea snails.
- IL, white: On Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, many Jews dress in white, and some men wear a white robe called a kittel. On kibbutzim, white is also worn for the harvest festival of Shavuot.
- IL, black: Haredi, or strictly Orthodox, Jewish men wear black suits, black hats and white shirts every day. The cut of a coat or hat can show which community a man belongs to.
- IN, red: Many Hindu brides marry in a red sari or lehenga. In much of north India a married woman wears sindoor, a red powder, along the parting of her hair.
- IN, orange: Saffron is the colour of renunciation, worn by Hindu sadhus, holy men who have given up worldly life. The top band of the national flag is saffron, which stands for strength and courage.
- IN, yellow: People wear yellow for Vasant Panchami, the spring festival of the goddess Saraswati. Before many weddings, turmeric paste is rubbed on the bride and groom in the haldi ceremony.
- IN, green: The green band of the national flag stands for the country's tie to the soil and to plant life, as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan explained it when the flag was adopted in 1947.
- IN, blue: Krishna, Rama and Vishnu are painted with blue skin, the colour of the sky and the deep sea. The wheel at the centre of the national flag, the Ashoka Chakra, is navy blue.
- IN, blue: Blue is the colour of Dalit politics. Followers of B. R. Ambedkar carry blue flags, and the Bahujan Samaj Party campaigns under a blue flag with an elephant.
- IN, pink: At Holi, the spring festival of colours, friends and strangers smear each other with gulal, a coloured powder. Pink and red gulal are the best known shades.
- IN, white: White is the Hindu colour of mourning. Families wear plain white to funerals, and in many communities widows traditionally wore white saris without ornament.
- IN, black: A dot of black kajal is often put on a baby's cheek or forehead to turn away the evil eye, called nazar. Many people avoid black clothes at weddings and festivals.
- IN, gold: Gold jewellery is bought on Dhanteras and Akshaya Tritiya, two days held to be lucky for it. A bride's gold is both ornament and her own store of wealth.
- IQ, green: Green flags fly over the Shia shrines of Najaf and Karbala. Green is tied to the family of the Prophet, and pilgrims tie strips of green cloth to the grilles of tombs.
- IQ, blue: The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, built under Nebuchadnezzar II, was faced with deep blue glazed bricks set with bulls and dragons. The blue imitated lapis lazuli.
- IQ, purple: In the elections of 2005, voters dipped a finger in purple ink to prevent double voting. The stained finger, held up for cameras, became a sign of the vote.
- IQ, black: For Ashura and Arbaeen, millions of pilgrims walk to Karbala dressed in black, and black banners for Imam Husayn line the roads.
- IR, red: On the last Tuesday night before Nowruz, people jump over small bonfires and chant a line that gives their yellow, meaning sickness, to the fire and takes its red, meaning health.
- IR, red: On Yalda, the longest night of the year, families sit up late eating pomegranates and watermelon. The red fruit stands for the glow of dawn and of life.
- IR, green: The flag is green, white and red. The green is linked with Islam, and the phrase Allahu Akbar is written in white along the edges of the green and red bands.
- IR, green: In the disputed 2009 election, supporters of Mir-Hossein Mousavi wore green wristbands and scarves. The protests that followed are known as the Green Movement.
- IR, green: For Nowruz, the new year at the spring equinox, families grow a dish of green sprouts called sabzeh for the haft-sin table. It stands for rebirth.
- IR, cyan: Turquoise, firuzeh in Persian, has been mined near Nishapur for thousands of years. It is worn against the evil eye, and its colour covers the domes of mosques in Isfahan.
- IR, black: In Muharram, Shia Muslims wear black for Imam Husayn. Among clerics, a black turban marks a sayyid, a descendant of the Prophet, and others wear white.
- IS, red: The red cross in the flag stands for the fire of the island's volcanoes. It was added to an earlier blue and white flag.
- IS, blue: The flag is blue with a red cross edged in white. The colours are read as the three elements of the land: blue mountains, white ice and snow, and red volcanic fire.
- IT, red: It is a custom to wear new red underwear on New Year's Eve for luck and love in the coming year. Shop windows fill with it in December.
- IT, red: Rosso corsa, racing red, was the colour given to Italian cars in early international motor racing. Ferrari kept it, and it is now the colour people expect of the brand.
- IT, yellow: A crime novel or thriller is called a giallo, a yellow. The name comes from the yellow covers of a series of mysteries that Mondadori began publishing in 1929.
- IT, green: The flag is green, white and red. A common reading gives green to the plains and hills, white to the snow of the Alps and red to the blood of the wars of unification.
- IT, blue: National sports teams play in blue and are called the Azzurri. Blue was the colour of the House of Savoy, which ruled Italy until 1946, and does not appear on the flag.
- IT, pink: The leader of the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears the maglia rosa, the pink jersey. It matches the pink paper of La Gazzetta dello Sport, which founded the race.
- IT, black: The Blackshirts were the armed squads of Mussolini's Fascist movement. Black shirts were later copied by fascist groups in other countries.
- JM, green: The flag is green, gold and black. The official reading is: hardships there are, but the land is green and the sun shineth.
- JM, black: The black in the flag stands for the strength and creativity of the people. Marcus Garvey's Pan-African flag of red, black and green is also widely flown.
- JM, gold: Rastafari use red, gold and green, taken from the flag of Ethiopia, the home of Emperor Haile Selassie. The colours appear on hats, flags and reggae record sleeves.
- JO, red: The red and white checked headcloth, the shemagh, is a mark of Jordanian identity. It was the headdress of the desert patrol and is worn with a black cord.
- JO, pink: Petra, carved into sandstone cliffs by the Nabataeans, is known as the rose-red city, from a line in a nineteenth-century English poem.
- JO, black: The flag's bands recall three caliphates: black for the Abbasids, white for the Umayyads and green for the Fatimids. The red triangle is for the Hashemites and the Arab Revolt.
- JP, red: The torii gates of Shinto shrines are often painted vermilion, a bright orange-red. The colour is held to keep evil away, and the long tunnels of gates at Fushimi Inari are the best known.
- JP, blue: Indigo dyeing, called aizome, clothed ordinary people in deep blue through the Edo period. The men's national football team plays in blue and is nicknamed Samurai Blue.
- JP, purple: Purple dye from the murasaki plant was costly and hard to make. In the court rank system set up under Prince Shotoku, the highest officials wore purple caps.
- JP, pink: Pale pink is the colour of cherry blossom. In spring people picnic under the trees for hanami, flower viewing, and the short bloom is a common image for how brief life is.
- JP, white: A bride at a Shinto wedding may wear the shiromuku, a kimono that is white from head to foot. White is also the colour of the paper streamers that mark sacred places.
- JP, white: Red and white together, called kohaku, mark happy occasions. Curtains at ceremonies are striped red and white, and the New Year's Eve song contest sets a Red team against a White team.
- JP, black: Mourners wear plain black, called mofuku, to funerals, and men add a black tie. Condolence money goes in an envelope tied with black and white cord.
- KE, red: Maasai herders wrap themselves in the shuka, a cloth that is most often red. Red stands for bravery and for blood, and is held to frighten off lions.
- KE, red: The flag is black, red and green with white edging and a Maasai shield. The red is for the blood shed in the fight for independence.
- KE, orange: In the 2005 referendum on a new constitution, ballots showed a banana for yes and an orange for no. The no side won and became the Orange Democratic Movement.
- KE, green: The green band of the flag stands for the land and its natural wealth. In Maasai beadwork green is the grass that feeds the cattle after rain.
- KE, blue: In Maasai beadwork each colour has a meaning tied to cattle and the land. Blue is the sky that gives rain, and so the colour of Enkai, God.
- KE, white: The white edging on the flag stands for peace and honesty. In Maasai beadwork, white is the colour of milk and so of health and purity.
- KE, black: The black band at the top of the flag stands for the people of Kenya. The colours were taken from the flag of the party that led the country to independence.
- KG, red: The flag is red with a yellow sun. Red is tied to the banner of the epic hero Manas, and the sun's forty rays to the forty tribes he united.
- KG, white: The ak kalpak is a tall white felt hat worn by men. Its shape recalls a snow peak, and it is treated with respect: it should not be put on the ground.
- KH, orange: Buddhist monks in saffron and orange robes walk out each morning to collect food. Most Khmer men traditionally spent some time as a monk.
- KH, blue: The flag has blue bands above and below a red one, with Angkor Wat in white. Blue stands for the king, red for the nation and white for religion.
- KH, white: At a funeral the family wear white, and the children of the dead may shave their heads. White is the colour of mourning, as in much of the region.
- KR, red: Supporters of the national football team are called the Red Devils. During the 2002 World Cup, crowds in red shirts filled the streets of Seoul.
- KR, red: The national flag carries a red and blue circle, the taegeuk. Red is the positive force and blue the negative, the two in balance, on a white ground that stands for peace and purity.
- KR, yellow: Obangsaek is the set of five traditional colours: blue, red, yellow, white and black, one for each direction and the centre. Yellow is the centre. Children's striped saekdong sleeves use the set.
- KR, blue: In party politics the liberal Democratic Party campaigns in blue and the conservative People Power Party in red, the reverse of the usual left and right colours in Europe.
- KR, white: Koreans were long known as the white-clad people, because plain white hanbok was everyday dress for commoners well into the twentieth century.
- KR, white: At a traditional funeral the family wore pale, undyed hemp. Today mourners mostly wear black suits, but close relatives may still pin on a small white ribbon.
- KZ, blue: The flag is sky blue with a golden sun and a steppe eagle. Blue is the colour of the open sky, sacred to the Turkic peoples as Tengri.
- KZ, white: White, ak, means pure and blessed in Kazakh. A common blessing is ak zhol, a white road, wishing someone a good journey through life.
- LA, orange: At dawn in Luang Prabang, lines of monks in orange robes walk the streets to receive sticky rice from kneeling townspeople.
- LA, blue: The flag has a wide blue band between two red ones, with a white disc. Blue is for the Mekong and for prosperity, and the disc for the full moon over the river.
- LA, white: In the baci ceremony, elders tie white cotton threads around a person's wrists to call back their wandering spirits and wish them well. The threads are left on for three days.
- LB, red: In 2005, after the killing of Rafic Hariri, crowds in red and white filled Beirut to demand that Syrian troops leave. The protests are called the Cedar Revolution.
- LB, yellow: Parties are known by their colours: yellow for Hezbollah, orange for the Free Patriotic Movement, light blue for the Future Movement, and green for Amal.
- LB, green: A green cedar tree stands at the centre of the flag. The cedars of Lebanon are named in the Bible and stand for holiness, endurance and peace.
- LB, purple: The Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon made Tyrian purple from sea snails. The dye was so costly that it became the colour of kings and Roman emperors.
- LK, red: The national flag sets a gold lion on a maroon panel, which stands for the Sinhalese majority. Four bo leaves in the corners are for the Buddhist virtues of kindness, compassion, joy and equanimity.
- LK, red: Red is the colour of the left, above all the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, whose supporters march in red on May Day.
- LK, orange: The orange stripe on the flag stands for the Tamils. It was added, with a green stripe, in 1951 so that the minorities had a place on it.
- LK, orange: Buddhist monks wear robes from bright saffron to deep maroon, and the shade often shows which monastic order a monk belongs to.
- LK, green: The green stripe on the flag stands for the Muslims, known as Moors. Green is also the colour of the United National Party.
- LK, blue: Blue is the colour of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. The national cricket team also plays in dark blue with yellow.
- LK, white: Sinhalese Buddhists wear white to the temple and to funerals. White flags and banners are strung along the road to a house where someone has died.
- LS, blue: The flag is blue, white and green: blue for rain, white for peace and green for prosperity.
- LS, black: At the centre of the flag is a black mokorotlo, the cone-shaped straw hat of the Basotho. Black stands for the people.
- LT, orange: Amber from the Baltic shore is called Lithuanian gold. Strings of amber beads are part of women's national dress.
- LT, yellow: The flag is yellow, green and red: yellow for the sun and fields of grain, green for the forests and red for the blood shed for freedom.
- LV, red: The flag is dark red with a narrow white band, a shade often called Latvian red. Legend says a wounded chief was wrapped in a white sheet, which his blood stained on either side.
- LV, white: The narrow white band of the flag is the part of the legendary sheet where the wounded chief lay. The red and white banner is named in a medieval chronicle.
- LY, green: From 1977 to 2011 the flag was plain green with no design at all. Green stood for Muammar Gaddafi's political ideas, set out in his Green Book.
- LY, black: The flag restored in 2011 is red, black and green with a white crescent and star. The black band comes from the banner of the Senussi order, which led the fight against Italian rule.
- MA, red: The flag is red with a green five-pointed star. Red has been the colour of the ruling Alaouite dynasty since the seventeenth century.
- MA, red: Marrakesh is called the Red City. Its walls and buildings are made of, or painted to match, the reddish clay of the plain around it.
- MA, green: Green is the colour of Islam. The roofs of mosques and of the shrines of saints, such as the Moulay Idriss shrine in Fes, are covered in green glazed tiles.
- MA, blue: The old town of Chefchaouen in the Rif mountains is washed in shades of blue. The reasons given vary: a Jewish custom, keeping houses cool, or keeping mosquitoes away.
- MA, blue: Fes is known for pottery painted in cobalt blue on white, called Fassi blue. In Marrakesh a strong ultramarine is named Majorelle blue after the garden where it was used.
- MA, white: A widow traditionally wears white through the mourning period set by Islamic law, four months and ten days. Black is not the usual colour of grief here.
- MG, red: The silk shroud used to wrap the dead is called lambamena, which means red cloth, whatever its real colour. Families rewrap their ancestors in fresh ones at the famadihana ceremony.
- MG, white: The flag is white, red and green. Red and white were the royal colours of the Merina kingdom of the highlands, and the green band was added when the flag was adopted in 1958.
- ML, blue: Tuareg men of the Sahara wear the tagelmust, a long veil and turban dyed with indigo. The dye rubs off on the skin, which is why they are called the blue people.
- ML, brown: Bogolanfini, or mud cloth, is cotton painted with fermented river mud in browns, black and white. Hunters wear it for protection, and women after childbirth.
- MM, red: Monks wear robes of deep maroon. When thousands of them marched against the military government in 2007, the protests were named the Saffron Revolution.
- MM, pink: Buddhist nuns, called thilashin, shave their heads and wear pale pink robes with an orange or brown under-robe.
- MN, red: The flag has red bands at each side of a blue one. Blue is for the sky, red for progress and prosperity, and the yellow Soyombo sign is a national emblem.
- MN, blue: The khadag is a silk scarf offered as a mark of respect and tied to sacred cairns. The blue one is the most valued, for the eternal blue sky.
- MN, white: The lunar New Year is Tsagaan Sar, the White Moon. White stands for milk and purity, and the table is laid with dairy foods called white foods.
- MT, red: The flag is white and red. Tradition says Count Roger of Sicily gave the Maltese part of his chequered banner in 1090, though historians doubt the story.
- MT, yellow: The luzzu, the traditional fishing boat, is painted in bright yellow, blue, red and green. A pair of eyes on the bow is said to guard the fishermen at sea.
- MX, red: Cochineal, a deep red dye made from insects that live on prickly pear cactus, was raised in Oaxaca long before the Spanish came. It became one of New Spain's most valuable exports.
- MX, red: The flag is green, white and red with an eagle on a cactus. Today the red is read as the blood of the national heroes, though it first stood for union.
- MX, orange: For the Day of the Dead, altars and graves are covered in orange marigolds, cempasuchil. Their colour and scent are said to guide the souls of the dead home.
- MX, yellow: On New Year's Eve many people wear yellow underwear to bring money in the year ahead, and red to bring love.
- MX, green: The green band of the flag is read as hope. When the colours were chosen in 1821 it stood for independence from Spain.
- MX, cyan: In the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mary wears a blue-green cloak covered in stars. Turquoise was precious to the Aztecs, who used it in mosaic masks.
- MX, blue: Maya blue is a bright, lasting pigment made by heating indigo with a special clay. Maya painters used it on murals, pottery and offerings to the rain god.
- MX, purple: On Day of the Dead altars, purple cut-paper banners and candles stand for mourning, alongside the orange of the flowers.
- MX, pink: Rosa mexicano is a strong, hot pink. The designer Ramon Valdiosera made it known abroad in the 1940s, and it is seen in textiles, sweets and the walls of Luis Barragan's houses.
- MY, yellow: Yellow is the colour of Malay royalty. Under old court rules commoners were forbidden to wear it, and the crescent and star on the flag are yellow for the rulers.
- MY, yellow: Marchers calling for clean elections wear yellow shirts. The movement is called Bersih, which means clean, and before its 2011 rally the government outlawed the shirts.
- MY, green: Green is the colour of Islam, the religion of the federation, and of the Islamic party PAS, whose flag is a white circle on green.
- MY, white: White is the colour of royal mourning. When a ruler dies, men wear a white band around the songkok, the black cap worn with Malay dress.
- NA, red: Himba women cover their skin and plaited hair with otjize, a paste of butterfat and red ochre. It protects against sun and insects and is held to be beautiful.
- NA, blue: The flag has blue for the sky, the Atlantic and rain, red for the people, green for the land, and a golden sun for life and energy.
- NG, red: Among the Igbo, a red cap marks a titled man. Only chiefs and men who have taken the ozo title may wear it, sometimes with an eagle feather.
- NG, orange: Coral beads, in shades from orange to deep red, are the regalia of the Oba of Benin and his chiefs. Edo brides wear a crown and collars of coral.
- NG, green: The flag has two green bands with white between them. Green stands for the country's farmland and natural wealth, and white for peace. It was designed by a student, Taiwo Akinkunmi.
- NG, green: The national football team, the Super Eagles, plays in green. Before 1988 the side was known as the Green Eagles.
- NG, blue: Adire is the indigo-dyed cloth of the Yoruba, made by women in Abeokuta and Ibadan. Patterns are tied, stitched or painted with cassava paste before the cloth goes into the dye.
- NG, white: In Yoruba religion, white belongs to Obatala, the orisha who shaped human bodies. His priests and followers wear white cloth and offer white foods.
- NL, red: The flag is red, white and blue. Its first stripe was orange, as in the Prince's Flag of the revolt against Spain, and had become red by the mid 1600s.
- NL, orange: Orange is the colour of the royal family, the House of Orange-Nassau. On King's Day, 27 April, the whole country dresses in orange for street markets and parties.
- NL, orange: National teams play in orange and are called Oranje. The craze that takes over streets and shops during big football tournaments has its own name, oranjegekte.
- NL, orange: On the King's birthday and other royal days, an orange pennant is flown above the national flag.
- NL, blue: Delft blue is tin-glazed pottery painted in blue on white. Potters in Delft began making it in the 1600s as a cheaper answer to Chinese porcelain.
- NL, purple: A cabinet that joins the red Labour Party with the blue liberals is called paars, purple. The first purple coalition governed from 1994.
- NL, pink: The Homomonument in Amsterdam is made of three triangles of pink granite. It turns the pink triangle, the Nazi camp badge for gay men, into a memorial.
- NL, black: The wealthy citizens painted by Rembrandt and Frans Hals wear sober black with white collars. A good black was costly to dye, so it showed both wealth and Calvinist restraint.
- NO, red: The flag is red with a blue cross edged in white. The colours were chosen in 1821 to echo the flags of free countries such as France and the United States.
- NO, red: In their last spring at school, students called russ wear overalls for weeks of parties that end on 17 May, Constitution Day. Most wear red, and business students wear blue.
- NP, red: Crimson is the national colour. It fills the flag, the only national flag that is not a rectangle, and it is the colour of the rhododendron, the national flower.
- NP, red: Married Hindu women wear red saris, red glass bangles and strings of red or green pote beads. At the Teej festival they dress in red, fast, sing and dance, and pray for their husbands' long lives.
- NP, red: At Dashain, elders press tika, a paste of rice, yoghurt and red vermilion, on the foreheads of younger relatives as a blessing.
- NP, orange: At Tihar, the festival of lights, doors and windows are hung with garlands of orange and yellow marigolds, and dogs and cows are garlanded too.
- NP, green: Strings of Buddhist prayer flags come in five colours in a fixed order: blue for sky, white for air, red for fire, green for water and yellow for earth.
- NP, blue: The blue border of the flag stands for peace. The crimson inside it is read as the bravery of the Nepali people.
- NP, white: After a parent dies, a Hindu son traditionally shaves his head and wears only white for a year. Widows also wore white in many communities.
- NZ, red: Kokowai, red ochre mixed with oil, was painted on Maori carvings, canoes and meeting houses. Red is a colour of tapu, the sacred, and of chiefly rank.
- NZ, red: The pohutukawa tree covers itself in crimson flowers in December, and is known as the New Zealand Christmas tree.
- NZ, green: Pounamu, greenstone, is found only in the South Island. Maori carve it into pendants such as the hei-tiki, which are treasures handed down through families and are usually given, not bought for oneself.
- NZ, white: At Parihaka in Taranaki, the followers of Te Whiti and Tohu wore white feathers, raukura, as a sign of peaceful resistance to the taking of their land.
- NZ, white: In the Maori flag, Tino Rangatiratanga, black is the long darkness before the world began, red is the coming into being, and white is the world of light.
- NZ, black: Black is the national sporting colour. The rugby team are the All Blacks, and other sides take names from it, such as the Black Caps in cricket and the Black Ferns in women's rugby.
- NZ, gold: The silver fern, whose fronds are pale silver underneath, is the national emblem. It is worn on a black ground by sports teams and marks the graves of soldiers abroad.
- OM, red: Until 1970 the flag was plain red, the old banner of the Gulf's seafaring rulers. The red band at the hoist of today's flag carries the crossed swords and dagger.
- OM, white: The flag is white, red and green. White is for peace, red for the battles of the past, and green for the Jebel Akhdar, the Green Mountain.
- PA, blue: The flag's blue stood for the Conservative Party and its red for the Liberals. The white ground stood for peace between them.
- PA, white: The pollera, the national dress of women, is a wide white cotton skirt and blouse with embroidery in a single colour, worn with gold combs and pearl hair ornaments.
- PE, red: The flag is red, white and red. A well-known legend says Jose de San Martin chose the colours after seeing a flock of flamingos with red wings and white breasts.
- PE, red: Andean weavers have dyed alpaca and cotton with cochineal for well over a thousand years. Peru is today the world's largest producer of the dye.
- PE, yellow: On New Year's Eve, street stalls in Lima sell yellow underwear, yellow flowers and yellow paper garlands. Wearing yellow at midnight is held to bring good luck.
- PE, purple: October is the purple month. Followers of the Lord of Miracles, a painting of Christ in Lima, wear purple habits with a white cord all month and walk in vast processions.
- PE, white: The national football team wears a white shirt with a red sash from shoulder to hip, and is called the Blanquirroja, the white and red.
- PE, gold: For the Incas gold was the sweat of the sun and silver the tears of the moon. Both were kept for the gods and the ruler, not used as money.
- PG, red: The flag is red and black with a yellow bird of paradise and the Southern Cross. The three colours are the ones most used in the country's traditional art. A schoolgirl, Susan Karike, designed it.
- PG, yellow: The yellow bird on the flag is the Raggiana bird of paradise, the national emblem. Its long plumes are worn in headdresses at sing-sings, gatherings where groups dance in full decoration.
- PH, red: The flag has a blue band over a red one. In wartime it is flown upside down with the red on top, a rule few other national flags share. Red stands for patriotism and valour.
- PH, red: Each January, devotees in maroon and yellow crowd the streets of Manila for the procession of the Black Nazarene, a dark wooden statue of Christ carrying the cross.
- PH, yellow: Yellow became the colour of opposition to Ferdinand Marcos after Benigno Aquino Jr was killed in 1983. Yellow ribbons and confetti filled Manila in the People Power revolt of 1986.
- PH, blue: The blue band of the flag stands for peace, truth and justice. The exact shade has changed over the years and was fixed as royal blue by law in 1998.
- PH, pink: In the 2022 presidential election, supporters of Leni Robredo dressed in pink and painted murals in it. The colour was picked up by volunteers, not chosen by the campaign.
- PH, white: The white triangle on the flag stands for equality and fraternity. Its three stars are for Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao.
- PH, black: Families wear black to a wake and funeral, and some pin a small black ribbon to their clothes afterwards. Mourning dress traditionally ends at the first anniversary of the death.
- PK, red: Brides most often marry in red, usually a heavily embroidered lehenga or gharara. The night before, the mehndi ceremony stains their hands with deep red-brown henna.
- PK, yellow: Basant, the spring kite festival of Lahore and the Punjab, is marked with yellow clothes, the colour of the mustard fields in flower.
- PK, green: The dark green of the flag stands for the Muslim majority. The crescent on it is for progress and the star for light and knowledge.
- PK, green: The national cricket team plays in green and is known as the Green Shirts or the Men in Green. Fans paint their faces green and white for big matches.
- PK, white: The white stripe at the hoist of the flag stands for the country's religious minorities. Together the green and white are the national colours.
- PK, black: In the month of Muharram, Shia Muslims dress in black to mourn the death of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala, and black banners hang over the streets.
- PL, red: The flag is white over red. The colours come from the national arms, a white eagle on a red shield, and were made official in 1831.
- PL, red: Crimson was the colour of the Polish nobility. Only nobles could wear it, and karmazyn, crimson man, came to mean a noble of old family.
- PL, red: The logo of Solidarity, the free trade union founded in the Gdansk shipyard in 1980, is its name in red letters that look like a crowd carrying a flag.
- PL, orange: Amber washed up on the Baltic shore is called the gold of the north. Gdansk has been a centre for working it since the Middle Ages.
- PL, white: The white of the flag stands for the white eagle of the arms. The national football team is known as the Bialo-Czerwoni, the White and Reds.
- PL, black: After Russian troops fired on crowds in Warsaw in 1861, women across Poland put on black dresses and black jewellery as a sign of national mourning. It lasted for years.
- PL, black: The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is an icon of Mary and the child Jesus with darkened faces. It is the most revered image in the country, and pilgrims walk for days to see it.
- PS, red: The watermelon, red, green, white and black like the flag, became a stand-in for it in art and on social media at times when showing the flag was restricted.
- PS, green: The flag has black, white and green bands with a red triangle, the colours of the Arab Revolt of 1916. Green is also the colour of Hamas banners, and yellow of Fatah.
- PS, black: The black and white keffiyeh with its fishnet pattern is the sign of Palestinian identity. Yasser Arafat wore it draped over one shoulder.
- PT, red: The 1974 coup that ended the dictatorship is called the Carnation Revolution. People in Lisbon put red carnations in soldiers' rifle barrels, and the flower is worn every 25 April.
- PT, red: The red of the flag, adopted after the monarchy fell in 1910, stands for the blood of those who died for the nation.
- PT, green: The green of the flag stands for hope. Green and red were the colours of the republican movement and replaced the blue and white of the monarchy.
- PT, blue: Blue and white painted tiles, azulejos, cover churches, stations and house fronts. The fashion for blue on white took hold in the late 1600s under the influence of Chinese porcelain and Dutch Delft.
- PT, black: In fishing towns such as Nazare and in country villages, widows traditionally dressed in black for the rest of their lives. Fado singers perform in a black shawl.
- PT, black: University students wear the traje academico, a black suit and long black cape. At Coimbra they tear the cape's hem for friends and burn ribbons in their faculty's colour at graduation.
- PT, gold: Talha dourada is carved wood covered in gold leaf. It lines the altars of baroque churches in Porto and Lisbon, and much of the gold came from Brazil in the 1700s.
- QA, red: The flag is maroon with a white band and a nine-pointed zigzag edge. The shade is linked with a purple-red dye once made from shellfish on the coast, which darkened in the sun.
- QA, white: The white band of the flag stands for peace. The nine points where it meets the maroon mark Qatar as the ninth member of the reconciled emirates of the Gulf.
- RO, red: On 1 March people give a martisor, a small charm on a red and white twisted cord, to welcome spring. It is worn pinned to the coat for several days or weeks.
- RO, yellow: The flag is blue, yellow and red. In the 1848 revolution the three were read as liberty, justice and fraternity.
- RO, blue: The painted monastery of Voronet in Bukovina is covered in frescoes on a deep blue ground. The shade is known as Voronet blue.
- RU, red: The old Russian word krasny meant both red and beautiful. Red Square was named for its beauty, and the best corner of a peasant house was the red corner, where icons hung.
- RU, red: Red was the colour of the 1917 revolution and of the Soviet flag with its hammer and sickle. In the civil war that followed, the Reds fought the Whites.
- RU, orange: The ribbon of Saint George has black and orange stripes. It comes from a Tsarist military order and is worn each 9 May, Victory Day.
- RU, blue: Russian has two basic words for blue: siniy for dark blue and goluboy for light blue. Speakers treat them as two colours, as English speakers treat red and pink.
- RU, white: The flag is white, blue and red. It dates from the time of Peter the Great, was restored in 1991, and no meaning for the colours is fixed in law.
- RU, gold: The onion domes of Orthodox churches are often gilded. Gold stands for the glory of heaven, and by tradition blue domes with stars mark churches of the Mother of God.
- RW, green: The lower bands of the flag are yellow and green. Yellow stands for economic development and green for the hope of prosperity, and the sun in the corner for enlightenment.
- RW, blue: The flag adopted in 2001 is blue, yellow and green with a sun. Blue is for happiness and peace. It replaced a red, yellow and green flag tied to the 1994 genocide.
- SA, red: Men wear a red and white checked headcloth, the shemagh, held by a black cord. The pattern is so tied to the kingdom that it reads as national dress.
- SA, green: The flag is green with the Muslim declaration of faith and a sword in white. Because of the sacred text it is never flown at half mast.
- SA, green: The national football team plays in green and white and is called the Green Falcons. On National Day, 23 September, cities are lit in green.
- SA, white: Men on the pilgrimage to Mecca wear ihram, two pieces of plain unstitched white cloth. Dressed alike, a king and a labourer cannot be told apart.
- SA, white: The everyday dress of Saudi men is the thobe, a long white robe. White cotton reflects the sun, and darker wool thobes come out in winter.
- SA, black: The Kaaba in Mecca is covered by the kiswah, a black silk cloth with verses of the Quran worked in gold and silver thread. A new one is made every year.
- SA, black: Women traditionally wear the abaya, a loose black cloak, over their clothes in public. Coloured abayas have become more common in recent years.
- SE, red: Country cottages and barns are painted Falu red, a deep red with white trim. The paint is made from the waste of the old copper mine at Falun.
- SE, red: Red is the colour of the Social Democrats, the party that governed for most of the twentieth century. Its symbol is a red rose.
- SE, orange: The Dala horse, a carved wooden horse from the province of Dalarna, is usually painted a reddish orange with a harness in white, green, yellow and blue. It is sold as a symbol of the country.
- SE, blue: The flag is a yellow cross on blue, colours taken from the national arms of three gold crowns on a blue shield. The national teams are called Blagult, the blue-yellows.
- SE, white: On 13 December, Saint Lucy's Day, a girl in a white gown with a red sash and a crown of candles leads a procession of singers in white.
- SE, white: Students finishing secondary school put on a white cap with a black peak, the studentmossa, and are driven around town on open lorries.
- SG, red: The flag is red over white with a crescent and five stars. Red stands for universal brotherhood and the equality of man, and white for lasting purity and virtue.
- SG, white: Members of the governing People's Action Party wear white shirts and trousers at party events. The uniform is meant to show clean, honest government.
- SN, green: The flag is green, yellow and red with a green star. Green is read as the colour of the Prophet by Muslims, of hope by Christians and of fertility by followers of older religions.
- SN, pink: Lake Retba, near Dakar, is known as Lac Rose, the pink lake. Salt-loving algae turn the water pink in the dry season, and workers gather salt from its bed.
- SO, blue: The flag is light blue with a white star. The blue was taken from the flag of the United Nations, which oversaw the territory before independence in 1960.
- SO, white: The white Star of Unity on the flag has five points, one for each of the regions where Somali people live.
- SZ, red: The red feathers of the purple-crested turaco, called ligwalagwala, may be worn only by the king and the royal family.
- SZ, blue: The flag has blue bands for peace, yellow for the country's resources and a wide crimson band for the battles of the past. A black and white shield lies across it.
- TH, red: In the street protests of the late 2000s, supporters of the ousted prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra wore red shirts, and their royalist opponents wore yellow.
- TH, orange: Theravada Buddhist monks wear robes in shades from saffron orange to ochre. Many Thai men ordain for a short time, so the robe is a familiar sight in most families.
- TH, yellow: Each day of the week has a colour, and Monday's is yellow. King Bhumibol and King Vajiralongkorn were both born on a Monday, so yellow is worn to honour the monarchy.
- TH, blue: Light blue is the colour of Friday and of Queen Sirikit, the Queen Mother, who was born on a Friday. Her birthday, 12 August, has long been kept as Mother's Day, when people wear it.
- TH, blue: The flag is called the Trairong, the tricolour. Its red stands for the nation, white for religion and the wide blue band in the middle for the monarchy.
- TH, purple: Purple is traditionally the colour a widow wears in mourning, so some people avoid it at happy events. It is also Saturday's colour in the weekday scheme.
- TH, pink: Pink is Tuesday's colour. When King Bhumibol left hospital in 2007 in a pink blazer, pink shirts sold out as people wore them to wish him good health.
- TH, black: Black is worn at funerals. After King Bhumibol died in 2016 much of the country dressed in black or white for a year of mourning.
- TM, red: Turkmen carpets are woven in deep reds with repeated medallions called gul. A bride's dress is traditionally red too, worn with heavy silver jewellery.
- TM, green: The flag is green with a white crescent and five stars. Down the hoist runs a red band with five carpet patterns, one for each of the main tribes.
- TN, red: The flag is red with a white disc holding a red crescent and star. It dates from the 1830s and is modelled on the Ottoman flag.
- TN, blue: In the cliff-top village of Sidi Bou Said every door, shutter and window grille is painted blue against white walls. The rule is kept by local law.
- TN, white: Jasmine, the small white national flower, is sold in tight bunches on summer evenings. The uprising of 2011 is known abroad as the Jasmine Revolution.
- TO, red: The flag is red with a red cross on a white corner. The red stands for the blood of Christ, and the constitution says the flag must never be changed.
- TO, black: Mourners wear black and wrap a large, rough woven mat, the ta'ovala, around the waist. The closer the relative, the bigger and more worn the mat.
- TR, red: The flag is red with a white crescent and star, and is called al bayrak, the red flag. It comes down from the late Ottoman flag.
- TR, red: Turkey red was a bright, fast red for cotton, made from madder root by a long process worked out around Edirne. European dyers spent much of the 1700s trying to copy it.
- TR, orange: Party colours are plain in Turkish elections: the governing AK Party uses orange with a light bulb, and the Republican People's Party uses red with six arrows.
- TR, green: Green is linked with Islam and with holy men. Tombs of saints are draped in green cloth, and the Green Mosque and Green Tomb in Bursa are named for their tiles.
- TR, cyan: The English word turquoise comes from the French for Turkish, because the stone reached Europe through Ottoman lands. Tiles from Iznik made the colour a mark of Ottoman mosques.
- TR, blue: The nazar boncugu is a blue glass bead with a white and dark blue eye. It hangs on doors, cars and babies' clothes to turn away the evil eye.
- TR, blue: The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul is known as the Blue Mosque. The name comes from the thousands of Iznik tiles and painted patterns, mostly blue, that cover the inside.
- TT, red: The flag is red with a black stripe edged in white. Red is for the warmth of the sun and the vitality of the people, black for their dedication and white for the sea.
- TT, pink: Indo-Trinidadians celebrate Holi as Phagwa. People gather in open fields to sing chowtal songs and drench each other in a purple-pink dye called abir.
- TW, red: A wedding invitation is called a red bomb, because it arrives in a red envelope and the guest must send back a red envelope of money.
- TW, green: The Pan-Green camp, led by the Democratic Progressive Party, stresses a separate Taiwanese identity. Its green comes from the party flag.
- TW, blue: Politics is split into two camps named for party colours. The Pan-Blue camp, led by the Kuomintang, favours closer ties with China.
- TZ, blue: The flag has green for the land and blue for the Indian Ocean, divided by a black band for the people with yellow edges for mineral wealth.
- TZ, purple: Tanzanite, a blue-violet gemstone, is found in only one small area near Mount Kilimanjaro. It was named after the country by the jeweller Tiffany in 1968.
- UA, red: Traditional embroidered shirts, vyshyvanky, are most often stitched in red and black. A well-loved song says that red is for love and black is for sorrow.
- UA, red: The red berries of the viburnum, kalyna, are a national symbol. The song Oi u luzi chervona kalyna, the red viburnum in the meadow, became an anthem of resistance after 2022.
- UA, orange: In late 2004 crowds wearing orange filled Kyiv to protest against a rigged presidential election. The vote was rerun and the protests became known as the Orange Revolution.
- UA, yellow: The lower band of the flag is yellow, read as fields of ripe wheat under the sky. The two colours go back to the arms of Lviv and medieval Galicia.
- UA, green: At Pentecost, called the Green Holidays, homes and churches are decked with birch branches and sweet-smelling herbs spread on the floor.
- UA, blue: The upper band of the flag is blue for the sky. Since 2022 buildings around the world have been lit in blue and yellow in support of the country.
- UA, black: A red and black flag was used by the wartime Ukrainian Insurgent Army. It is seen at nationalist marches and is disputed because of the army's record.
- UG, red: Supporters of the opposition leader Bobi Wine wear red berets as the sign of his People Power movement. The government has tried to ban civilians from wearing them.
- UG, yellow: Yellow is the colour of the National Resistance Movement, in power since 1986. At election time its supporters wear yellow shirts and buildings are painted yellow.
- UG, black: The flag has six bands: black for the people of Africa, yellow for sunshine and red for the blood that makes all people brothers. A grey crowned crane stands at the centre.
- US, red: Since the television maps of the 2000 election, red has meant the Republican Party and blue the Democrats, giving the phrases red state and blue state. Before then the networks had no fixed scheme.
- US, orange: Orange and black are the colours of Halloween, 31 October: orange for pumpkins and autumn leaves, black for night.
- US, yellow: A yellow ribbon tied round a tree or pinned to a coat means someone is waiting for a loved one to come home. It spread during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 to 1981.
- US, yellow: School buses across the country are painted one shade of yellow, agreed at a conference in 1939 because black lettering on it is easy to read in early morning light.
- US, green: Paper money is nicknamed the greenback, after the green ink on the backs of notes first issued during the Civil War. Green has stood for money ever since.
- US, green: On Saint Patrick's Day, Chicago dyes its river bright green, a custom begun in 1962, and people who wear no green risk a playful pinch.
- US, blue: The flag's colours have no official meaning. For the Great Seal of 1782, though, blue was said to stand for vigilance, perseverance and justice, white for purity and red for hardiness and valour.
- US, purple: The Purple Heart is the medal given to members of the armed forces wounded or killed in action. It is a purple heart with a profile of George Washington.
- US, pink: The pink ribbon has stood for breast cancer awareness since the early 1990s. Each October, sports teams and shops turn pink for the cause.
- US, pink: Pink for girls and blue for boys became the firm rule in American shops only around the middle of the twentieth century. Earlier advice was mixed and sometimes the other way round.
- US, white: Women campaigning for the vote marched in white dresses. Women in Congress have worn white to presidential addresses in memory of them.
- US, gold: A gold star stands for a family member killed in military service. The custom began in the First World War, when families changed the blue star on a window banner to gold.
- UY, blue: The national football team plays in sky blue and is called La Celeste. The colour has been worn since a win over Argentina in 1910.
- UY, gold: The flag has nine blue and white stripes for the first nine departments and a golden Sun of May with a face, a sign of independence shared with Argentina.
- UZ, cyan: The mosques and tombs of Samarkand are faced with turquoise and deep blue tiles. The three great madrasas of the Registan square and their ribbed turquoise domes are the best known.
- UZ, blue: The flag is blue, white and green with thin red lines. The blue is for the sky and water, and recalls the banner of Timur.
- UZ, white: Cotton is called white gold, and an open cotton boll appears on the state emblem. The white band of the flag stands for peace and purity.
- VA, red: Cardinals wear scarlet. The colour means that they must be ready to shed their blood for the faith.
- VA, yellow: The flag is yellow and white, for the gold and silver keys of Saint Peter. It is one of only two square national flags.
- VA, purple: Bishops wear a red-purple shade called amaranth. Priests wear violet vestments in Advent and Lent, the seasons of waiting and penance.
- VA, white: The pope wears a white cassock. When cardinals elect a new pope, white smoke rises from the Sistine Chapel chimney, and black smoke means no decision.
- VE, red: Supporters of Hugo Chavez and his movement wear red shirts and caps at rallies. Red became the colour of the government and its party after 1999.
- VE, yellow: The flag is yellow, blue and red, designed by Francisco de Miranda. Yellow is read as the wealth of the land, blue as the sea that separates it from Spain, and red as blood.
- VN, red: At Tet, the lunar New Year, children and elders are given lucky money in red envelopes, and homes are hung with red banners. Brides often marry in a red ao dai.
- VN, red: The flag is red with a yellow star. Red stands for revolution and bloodshed, and the five points of the star for workers, peasants, soldiers, intellectuals and traders.
- VN, yellow: Yellow was the colour of the emperors. The Nguyen rulers at Hue wore yellow robes, and yellow was the main colour of their flags.
- VN, yellow: In the south, families bring home branches of yellow apricot blossom, hoa mai, for Tet. A tree that flowers on New Year's morning is taken as a good sign.
- VN, purple: Purple is tied to the old capital, Hue, where schoolgirls and women were known for violet ao dai. In songs and poems it is the colour of faithful, wistful love.
- VN, pink: In the north, pink peach blossom is the flower of Tet. Families in Hanoi buy a flowering branch or small tree for the house before the holiday.
- VN, white: At a funeral the children and grandchildren of the dead wear white headbands and loose white clothes of rough cloth.
- ZA, red: Members of the Economic Freedom Fighters wear red overalls and red berets, in parliament as well as at rallies, to show that they speak for workers.
- ZA, orange: The flag used from 1928 to 1994 was orange, white and blue, after the old Dutch Prince's Flag. It is now tied to the apartheid years, and displaying it has been ruled hate speech.
- ZA, green: Green and gold are the sporting colours. The Springboks, the national rugby team, play in a dark green jersey with a gold collar.
- ZA, green: The six colours of the flag adopted in 1994 have no official meanings. Black, green and gold echo the African National Congress, and red, white and blue the older Boer and British flags.
- ZA, white: Xhosa boys going through initiation into manhood cover their bodies in white clay while they live apart from the village. It is washed off when they return as men.
- ZA, black: In many Black communities a widow wears black clothes for up to a year after her husband's death, and puts them off at a family ceremony.
- ZA, gold: The black, green and gold of the African National Congress stand for the people, the land and the mineral wealth under it.
- ZM, orange: The flag is green with an eagle and three stripes. The orange stripe is for copper, the country's main export, and the football team is called the Copper Bullets.
- ZM, green: The green field of the flag stands for the land and its natural wealth. Red is for the freedom struggle and black for the people.
- ZW, green: The flag has green for farming, yellow for minerals, red for blood shed in the liberation war and black for the people. A white triangle stands for peace.
- ZW, gold: The golden bird on the flag is the Zimbabwe Bird, copied from soapstone carvings found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.

## Glossary
- **Hue**: The quality that makes a colour red, yellow, green or blue: its position around the colour wheel. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/hue)
- **Chroma**: How strong and pure a colour looks compared with a grey of the same lightness. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/chroma)
- **Saturation**: How vivid a colour is, from full strength down to grey. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/saturation)
- **Value**: How light or dark a colour is, on a scale from black to white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/value)
- **Lightness**: The measured or perceived amount of light in a colour, the L in HSL and Lab. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lightness)
- **Tint**: A colour made lighter by adding white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tint)
- **Shade**: Strictly, a colour made darker by adding black; loosely, any variety of a colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/shade)
- **Tone**: A colour softened by adding grey, or more loosely the lightness of a colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tone)
- **Colour wheel**: Hues arranged in a circle so that related colours sit side by side and opposites face each other. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-wheel)
- **Primary colour**: One of a small set of colours from which a wide range of others can be mixed. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/primary-colour)
- **Secondary colour**: A colour made by mixing two primary colours in roughly equal parts. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/secondary-colour)
- **Tertiary colour**: A colour between a primary and a secondary on the wheel, such as blue-green or red-orange. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tertiary-colour)
- **Complementary colours**: Two colours opposite each other on the colour wheel, such as blue and orange. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/complementary-colours)
- **Split complementary**: A scheme of one colour plus the two colours either side of its opposite on the wheel. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/split-complementary)
- **Analogous colours**: Colours that sit next to each other on the wheel, such as yellow, yellow-green and green. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/analogous-colours)
- **Triad**: Three colours spaced evenly around the colour wheel, such as red, yellow and blue. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/triad)
- **Colour harmony**: The idea that certain combinations of colours look pleasing or balanced together. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-harmony)
- **Gamut**: The full range of colours that a device, ink set or system can produce. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gamut)
- **Undertone**: The slight lean of a colour towards another hue, seen best when it is thinned or compared. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/undertone)
- **Key colour**: The main colour of a scheme, from which the others are chosen or generated. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/key-colour)
- **Warm and cool colours**: The habit of calling reds, oranges and yellows warm, and blues and greens cool. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/warm-and-cool-colours)
- **Achromatic**: Without hue: white, black and the greys between them. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/achromatic)
- **Simultaneous contrast**: The way a colour seems to change depending on the colours placed next to it. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/simultaneous-contrast)
- **Wavelength**: The distance between one wave crest of light and the next, which largely decides the colour we see. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/wavelength)
- **Spectrum**: The band of colours, red through violet, into which white light can be spread. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/spectrum)
- **Dispersion**: The spreading of white light into its colours when it passes through glass, water or crystal. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/dispersion)
- **Rayleigh scattering**: The scattering of light by air molecules, strongest for blue light, which makes the sky blue. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rayleigh-scattering)
- **Additive mixing**: Mixing coloured lights: the more you add, the brighter the result, up to white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/additive-mixing)
- **Subtractive mixing**: Mixing paints, inks or dyes: each one absorbs some light, so mixtures grow darker. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/subtractive-mixing)
- **Cone cell**: A light-sensing cell in the retina that gives colour vision in good light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/cone-cell)
- **Rod cell**: A light-sensing cell in the retina that works in dim light and does not detect colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rod-cell)
- **Colour blindness**: A reduced ability to tell certain colours apart, most often reds from greens. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-blindness)
- **Tetrachromacy**: Colour vision based on four kinds of cone cell instead of the usual human three. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tetrachromacy)
- **Colour constancy**: The brain's knack of seeing an object as the same colour under very different lighting. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-constancy)
- **Afterimage**: A ghost image in the opposite colour, seen after staring at a strong colour and looking away. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/afterimage)
- **Metamerism**: When two colours match under one light and look different under another. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/metamerism)
- **Iridescence**: Colour that shifts as the viewing angle changes, as on a soap bubble or a peacock feather. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/iridescence)
- **Opalescence**: A milky, bluish glow in a translucent material that looks warmer when light shines through it. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/opalescence)
- **Structural colour**: Colour produced by microscopic structure that bends and reflects light, not by pigment. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/structural-colour)
- **Fluorescence**: The glow of a material that absorbs light of one colour, often ultraviolet, and gives out another. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/fluorescence)
- **Phosphorescence**: A slow glow that continues after the light source is taken away. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/phosphorescence)
- **Ultraviolet**: Light with a wavelength just shorter than violet, invisible to humans but seen by many animals. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ultraviolet)
- **Colour temperature**: A way of describing whether white light is yellowish or bluish, given in kelvin. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-temperature)
- **Kelvin**: The unit of temperature used to describe the colour of white light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kelvin)
- **White point**: The exact colour that a screen, camera or standard treats as white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/white-point)
- **Pigment**: A fine coloured powder that does not dissolve, mixed into a liquid to make paint or ink. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/pigment)
- **Dye**: A coloured substance that dissolves and bonds with fibres, used to colour cloth, leather and paper. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/dye)
- **Lake pigment**: A pigment made by fixing a dye onto a colourless powder, so it can be used in paint. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lake-pigment)
- **Mordant**: A substance, often a metal salt, that helps a dye grip the fibre and can change its colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/mordant)
- **Binder**: The glue in paint that holds the pigment particles together and sticks them to the surface. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/binder)
- **Vehicle**: The liquid part of a paint that carries the pigment: the binder plus any thinner. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/vehicle)
- **Fugitive**: Describes a colour that fades or changes quickly, especially in light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/fugitive)
- **Lightfast**: Describes a colour that resists fading when exposed to light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lightfast)
- **Opacity**: How well a paint or ink hides what is underneath it. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/opacity)
- **Glaze**: A thin, transparent layer of paint laid over dry paint to deepen or shift its colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/glaze)
- **Ground**: The prepared surface layer on which a painting, print or dyed pattern is made. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ground)
- **Gesso**: A white coating of chalk or gypsum and glue, used to prepare a surface for painting or gilding. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gesso)
- **Tempera**: Paint made by mixing pigment with egg yolk and water; it dries fast to a matt, lasting film. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tempera)
- **Fresco**: Wall painting done on fresh, wet lime plaster, so the colour becomes part of the wall. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/fresco)
- **Encaustic**: Painting with pigment mixed into melted beeswax, applied hot. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/encaustic)
- **Watercolour**: Transparent paint bound with gum, thinned with water and used on paper. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/watercolour)
- **Gouache**: An opaque, matt water-based paint, like watercolour with more pigment and added white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gouache)
- **Oil paint**: Paint bound with a drying oil, usually linseed, which hardens slowly into a tough film. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/oil-paint)
- **Varnish**: A clear protective coating that also deepens colours and evens out the surface shine. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/varnish)
- **Lacquer**: A hard, glossy coating; in East Asia, the sap of the lacquer tree, usually coloured black or red. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lacquer)
- **Limewash**: A cheap, breathable wall paint made from lime and water, white unless tinted with pigment. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/limewash)
- **Sgraffito**: Decoration made by scratching through a top layer to reveal a different colour beneath. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/sgraffito)
- **Azulejo**: A glazed, painted ceramic tile of Portugal and Spain, often blue and white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/azulejo)
- **Gilding**: Covering a surface with a very thin layer of gold or a gold-coloured metal. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gilding)
- **Bole**: A fine, soft clay, usually red, laid under gold leaf to give it warmth and a surface for polishing. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/bole)
- **Patina**: A surface layer and colour that forms on metal, wood or stone with age and exposure. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/patina)
- **Verdigris**: A blue-green substance that forms on copper, once made deliberately as a green pigment. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/verdigris)
- **Earth pigment**: A pigment dug from the ground: clay or rock coloured by iron and other minerals. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/earth-pigment)
- **Ochre**: A natural earth pigment coloured by iron oxide, ranging from yellow through orange to red. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ochre)
- **Sienna**: An earth pigment named after Siena in Italy: yellow-brown when raw, red-brown when roasted. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/sienna)
- **Umber**: A dark brown earth pigment containing iron and manganese; cooler raw, warmer when roasted. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/umber)
- **Ultramarine**: A deep, slightly violet blue, once ground from the stone lapis lazuli and now made synthetically. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ultramarine)
- **Vermilion**: A brilliant orange-red pigment made from mercury sulphide, natural or manufactured. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/vermilion)
- **Tyrian purple**: A costly ancient purple dye made from sea snails on the eastern Mediterranean coast. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tyrian-purple)
- **Natural dye**: A dye obtained from plants, insects, shellfish or minerals, not made in a chemical factory. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/natural-dye)
- **Indigo**: A deep blue dye from the leaves of the indigo plant, and the colour it gives. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/indigo)
- **Woad**: A European plant whose leaves give a blue dye, the same colouring matter as indigo. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/woad)
- **Madder**: A plant whose roots give a lasting red dye, used from India to Europe for thousands of years. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/madder)
- **Cochineal**: A crimson dye made from a small insect that lives on prickly pear cactus in the Americas. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/cochineal)
- **Lac**: A resin made by a tiny insect of South and South-East Asia, source of a red dye and of shellac. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lac)
- **Aniline dye**: The first family of synthetic dyes, made from chemicals found in coal tar from the 1850s. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/aniline)
- **Azo dye**: The largest family of synthetic dyes and pigments, mostly yellows, oranges and reds. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/azo)
- **Vat dye**: A dye that must be chemically changed to dissolve, then turns back to its colour in the air. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/vat-dye)
- **Resist dyeing**: Any method of making patterns by blocking dye from parts of the cloth or yarn. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/resist-dyeing)
- **Tie-dye**: Patterning cloth by tying, knotting or folding it tightly before dyeing. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tie-dye)
- **Bandhani**: The tie-dye of Gujarat and Rajasthan, made of thousands of tiny bound dots. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/bandhani)
- **Shibori**: A family of Japanese resist-dye methods using binding, stitching, folding, clamping and twisting. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/shibori)
- **Ikat**: Cloth whose pattern is dyed into the threads before weaving, giving designs with a blurred edge. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ikat)
- **Batik**: Cloth patterned by drawing or stamping with hot wax, dyeing, then removing the wax. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/batik)
- **Kalamkari**: Hand-painted or block-printed cotton from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, coloured with natural dyes. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kalamkari)
- **Block printing**: Printing a pattern on cloth or paper by hand with carved wooden blocks. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/block-printing)
- **Ajrakh**: A block-printed cotton of Sindh and Kutch, patterned in indigo blue and madder red. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ajrakh)
- **Colour space**: A defined way of describing colours as sets of numbers, with stated limits and a reference white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-space)
- **RGB**: A way of making and describing colour by mixing red, green and blue light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rgb)
- **CMYK**: The four inks of colour printing: cyan, magenta, yellow and black. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/cmyk)
- **Hex code**: A six-character code, such as #FF9933, that gives a colour's red, green and blue values for the web. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/hex-code)
- **HSL**: A way of writing a screen colour as hue, saturation and lightness instead of red, green and blue. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/hsl)
- **HSV**: A close relative of HSL, used in many colour pickers, with value or brightness as the third number. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/hsv)
- **Lab**: A colour space designed around human vision, with one lightness axis and two colour axes. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lab)
- **OKLCH**: A newer way of writing colours for the web as lightness, chroma and hue, tuned to look even. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/oklch)
- **CIE XYZ**: The 1931 standard that first described all visible colours in numbers; the basis of later colour spaces. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/cie-xyz)
- **Delta E**: A single number for how different two colours look; around 1 is roughly the smallest visible difference. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/delta-e)
- **sRGB**: The standard colour space of the web and most screens, defined in the 1990s. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/srgb)
- **Display P3**: A wider colour space than sRGB, used by many recent phones, tablets and computer screens. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/p3)
- **HDR**: Picture technology that shows a wider range from dark to bright than standard screens. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/hdr)
- **Gamma**: The curve that relates the numbers stored in an image to the amount of light shown on screen. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gamma)
- **Bit depth**: The number of steps available for each colour channel; more bits mean smoother gradations. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/bit-depth)
- **Colour profile**: A small data file that tells software how a device or image file represents colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-profile)
- **ICC**: The industry body that defines the standard format for colour profiles. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/icc)
- **Calibration**: Adjusting and measuring a screen or printer so that it shows colours accurately and consistently. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/calibration)
- **Dithering**: Mixing dots of the available colours to give the impression of colours that are not available. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/dithering)
- **Banding**: Visible steps or stripes in what should be a smooth change of colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/banding)
- **Halftone**: A printing method that shows shades of a colour using dots of different sizes. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/halftone)
- **Spot colour**: A single ink mixed in advance to an exact colour, printed solid instead of built from dots. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/spot-colour)
- **Process colour**: Colour printed by combining dots of the four standard inks, cyan, magenta, yellow and black. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/process-colour)
- **Colour separation**: Splitting a full-colour image into one single-colour image for each printing ink. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-separation)
- **Registration**: The exact lining-up of each colour layer in printing, so that the image is sharp. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/registration)
- **Overprint**: Printing one ink directly on top of another, so the two combine, instead of leaving a gap for it. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/overprint)
- **Rich black**: A deeper printed black made by adding other inks beneath the black ink. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rich-black)
- **Key (K)**: The black ink in four-colour printing, the K of CMYK. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/key)
- **Pantone**: A commercial system of numbered colours used worldwide to specify exact inks and dyes. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/pantone)
- **Munsell system**: A system that orders colours by hue, value and chroma, in steps that look even to the eye. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/munsell)
- **RAL**: A European standard list of numbered colours for paint, coatings and plastics. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ral)
- **NCS**: A Swedish colour system that describes each colour by how it looks, in terms of six basic colours. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ncs)
- **Palette**: A chosen set of colours used together in a design, a painting, a brand or a place. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/palette)
- **Swatch**: A small sample of a colour, on cloth, paper, paint card or screen. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/swatch)
- **Colourway**: One of several colour versions in which the same pattern or product is made. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colourway)
- **Colour story**: A group of colours chosen to carry one mood or theme through a collection, product range or room. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-story)
- **Accent colour**: A contrasting colour used in small amounts to draw attention or add life to a scheme. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/accent-colour)
- **Brand colour**: A colour used consistently by a company or organisation so that people recognise it at a glance. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/brand-colour)
- **Monochrome**: Using one colour only, in different lights, darks and strengths; often also means black and white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/monochrome)
- **Duotone**: An image printed or displayed in two colours, usually one dark and one light or bright. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/duotone)
- **Gradient**: A smooth, gradual change from one colour to another across an area. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gradient)
- **Colour blocking**: Placing large, flat areas of strong, contrasting colour side by side. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-blocking)
- **Tone on tone**: Combining lighter and darker versions of the same colour, or a pattern in two close shades. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tone-on-tone)
- **Pastel**: A pale, soft colour with a lot of white in it, such as baby pink or mint green. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/pastel)
- **Neon**: An extremely bright, glowing colour; originally the light of gas-filled glass tube signs. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/neon)
- **Jewel tone**: A deep, rich, saturated colour named after a gemstone, such as emerald or ruby. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/jewel-tone)
- **Earth tone**: A warm, muted colour like those of soil, clay, sand, stone and dry plants. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/earth-tone)
- **Neutral**: A colour with little or no hue, such as white, grey, black, beige or taupe. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/neutral)
- **Muted**: Describes a colour that has been softened or dulled, so it is less vivid. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/muted)
- **Greige**: A neutral between grey and beige; also raw cloth that has not yet been bleached or dyed. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/greige)
- **Contrast ratio**: A number that compares the lightness of two colours, used to check that text is readable. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/contrast-ratio)
- **WCAG**: The international guidelines for making websites usable by people with disabilities, including colour rules. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/wcag)
- **Dark mode**: A display setting that shows light text on a dark background instead of dark on light. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/dark-mode)
- **Colour coding**: Using colours as signals to sort, label or warn, as in traffic lights, wires and maps. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-coding)
- **High-visibility colour**: A very bright fluorescent colour, usually yellow-green or orange, worn to be seen easily. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/high-visibility)
- **Colour forecasting**: The business of predicting which colours will be popular in fashion and products in coming seasons. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/colour-forecasting)
- **Livery**: The fixed colours and markings that identify a household, company, team or fleet of vehicles. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/livery)
- **Heraldic tincture**: One of the limited set of colours, metals and furs used on coats of arms. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/heraldic-tincture)
- **Argent**: The heraldic name for silver, almost always shown as white. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/argent)
- **Or**: The heraldic name for gold, often shown as yellow. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/or)
- **Gules**: The heraldic name for red. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gules)
- **Azure**: The heraldic name for blue; in general use, the clear blue of a cloudless sky. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/azure)
- **Vert**: The heraldic name for green. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/vert)
- **Sable**: The heraldic name for black. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/sable)
- **Purpure**: The heraldic name for purple, a rare tincture. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/purpure)
- **Vexillology**: The study of flags: their history, design, colours and meaning. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/vexillology)
- **National colours**: Colours that stand for a country, often but not always taken from its flag. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/national-colours)
- **Sumptuary law**: A law that limits what people may wear or own according to rank, including which colours. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/sumptuary-law)
- **Royal purple**: Purple as the colour of kings and emperors, a link that comes from the cost of ancient purple dye. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/royal-purple)
- **Mourning dress**: Clothing worn to show grief after a death; its colour differs widely between cultures. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/mourning-dress)
- **Liturgical colours**: The colours of robes and hangings used in Christian worship, changed with the seasons and feasts. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/liturgical-colours)
- **Haldi**: Turmeric, the yellow root used across South Asia as a spice, a dye and a sacred substance. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/haldi)
- **Sindoor**: A red or orange-red powder worn by many married Hindu women along the parting of the hair. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/sindoor)
- **Kumkum**: A red powder used in Hindu worship and for marks on the forehead. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kumkum)
- **Bindi**: A dot or small ornament worn on the forehead between the eyebrows, mainly by women in South Asia. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/bindi)
- **Tilaka**: A mark made on the forehead in Hindu practice, whose shape and colour can show a tradition. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tilaka)
- **Alta**: A red liquid dye painted on the edges of the feet and palms, especially in eastern India. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/alta)
- **Gulal**: The coloured powder thrown and smeared during the Hindu festival of Holi. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/gulal)
- **Holi**: The Hindu spring festival at which people throw coloured powder and water on one another. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/holi)
- **Rangoli**: Patterns made on the floor or ground with coloured powders, rice, sand or flowers in India. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rangoli)
- **Kolam**: A pattern of lines and loops drawn daily with white rice flour at Tamil doorsteps. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kolam)
- **Alpana**: Flowing white floor designs painted with rice paste in Bengal for festivals and rites. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/alpana)
- **Mehndi**: The art of decorating hands and feet with henna paste, especially for weddings and festivals. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/mehndi)
- **Henna**: A shrub whose dried, powdered leaves stain skin, hair and nails orange to red-brown. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/henna)
- **Kohl**: A dark cosmetic applied around the eyes, used across Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kohl)
- **Zari**: Thread of gold or silver, or a look-alike, woven or embroidered into rich textiles. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/zari)
- **Saffron robe**: The orange, yellow or ochre robe of Buddhist monks and Hindu ascetics. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/saffron-robe)
- **Prayer flag**: A Tibetan Buddhist cloth flag, hung in sets of five colours in a fixed order. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/prayer-flag)
- **Ao dai colours**: The customary colour choices for Vietnam's long tunic, which vary with age, place and occasion. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/ao-dai-colours)
- **Obangsaek**: The five traditional Korean colours, blue, red, yellow, white and black, tied to the five directions. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/obangsaek)
- **Dancheong**: The multicoloured painted decoration on the wooden beams and eaves of Korean palaces and temples. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/dancheong)
- **Five-elements colours (wuxing)**: The Chinese scheme linking five colours with five elements, directions and seasons. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/wuxing-colours)
- **Kasane no irome**: The Japanese court art of layering robes in named colour combinations suited to each season. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kasane-no-irome)
- **Thai colours of the day**: The Thai custom that gives each day of the week its own lucky colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/thai-day-colours)
- **Tartan sett**: The repeating pattern of coloured stripes that defines a particular tartan. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tartan-sett)
- **Kente colours**: The colours of kente, the strip-woven ceremonial cloth of Ghana, each with a commonly given meaning. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/kente-colours)
- **Bogolan**: A cotton cloth from Mali, patterned in dark brown and white using fermented mud. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/bogolan)
- **Adire**: The indigo resist-dyed cotton of the Yoruba people of south-west Nigeria. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/adire)
- **Rang**: The word for colour in Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Punjabi, Bengali and many related languages. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rang)
- **Varna**: A Sanskrit word for colour, also meaning outward appearance, a class of society and a letter or sound. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/varna)
- **Niram**: The everyday word for colour in Tamil and Malayalam. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/niram)
- **Iro**: The Japanese word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/iro)
- **Yanse**: The usual Mandarin Chinese word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/yanse)
- **Saek**: The Korean word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/saek)
- **Lawn**: The Arabic word for colour; its plural is alwan. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/lawn)
- **Renk**: The Turkish word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/renk)
- **Cor**: The Portuguese word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/cor)
- **Couleur**: The French word for colour, and the source of the English word. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/couleur)
- **Farbe**: The German word for colour, which also means paint and dye. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/farbe)
- **Tsvet**: The Russian word for colour. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/tsvet)
- **Rangi**: The Swahili word for colour and for paint. (https://rang.cleartrust.cc/glossary/rangi)

## Colours
- [Red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red) #FF0000: A primary colour seen in light, pigment, and tradition worldwide
- [Black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/black) #000000: The colour seen when no visible light is present or all light is absorbed
- [Green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green) #00FF00: The colour between cyan and yellow, seen widely in plants and nature
- [Yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yellow) #FFFF00: A primary colour between green and orange, seen in sunlight, leaves, and pigments
- [Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue) #0000FF: A primary colour seen in the sky and sea, used since ancient times in art and dye
- [White](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/white) #FFFFFF: The lightest colour, seen in snow, milk and chalk, and opposite to black
- [Grey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/grey) #808080: A neutral colour between black and white, seen in clouds, ash, and undyed wool
- [Pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pink) #FF80C0: A light tint of red, named after the pink flower and used in art, fashion, and culture
- [Turmeric](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/turmeric): A golden yellow dye and spice from the rhizome of a tropical plant
- [Violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/violet) #8000FF: A bluish-purple seen in both flowers and the light spectrum
- [Purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-q3257809) #800080: A cool colour between red and blue, long linked with royalty and rarity
- [Cyan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cyan) #00FFFF: A blue-green colour found between blue and green on the spectrum and key in printing
- [Lapis lazuli](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lapis-lazuli-q216798): A deep blue stone prized for jewellery and the source of ultramarine pigment
- [Indigo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigo) #6A5DFF: A deep blue named for the dye once exported from India
- [Magenta](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magenta) #FF00FF: A purplish-pink colour named after a battle and key to modern printing
- [Malachite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/malachite-q164411): A banded green mineral and pigment once prized for art and decoration
- [Cinnabar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cinnabar): A scarlet to brick-red mineral and the main source of mercury and vermilion pigment
- [Terracotta](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/terracotta): A clay-based material and colour, known for its reddish-brown tone
- [Azurite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azurite-q108212): A deep blue copper mineral once prized as a pigment and gemstone
- [Gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gold) #FFD700: A strong yellow named for the precious metal and often linked with wealth and first place
- [Zinc oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zinc-oxide): A white inorganic powder used in pigments, ointments, ceramics and electronics
- [Aniline](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/aniline): A colourless oil that darkens with air and launched the first synthetic dyes
- [Ochre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ochre) #CC7722: A natural earth pigment ranging from yellow to deep orange or brown
- [Woad](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/isatis-tinctoria): A blue dye once vital to Europe's textile trade, made from the leaves of a flowering plant
- [Khaki](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/khaki) #C3B091: A light tan with a yellowish tinge, once made for military uniforms
- [Turquoise](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/turquoise) #40E0D0: A blue-green colour named after a prized mineral long used for gems and decoration
- [Indigo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigo-dye-q422662): A deep blue dye from plants, now mostly made synthetically and known for colouring denim
- [Orpiment](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/orpiment): A golden-yellow mineral pigment once prized for its brilliant colour and rarity
- [Methylene blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/methylene-blue): A synthetic blue dye and medicine first made in 1876
- [Olive](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/olive) #808000: A dark yellowish green, like the colour of unripe olives
- [Prussian blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/prussian-blue) #003153: A deep blue pigment first made in Berlin in the early 1700s
- [Ultramarine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ultramarine) #120A8F: A deep blue pigment once made from lapis lazuli, prized for centuries in art
- [Realgar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/realgar): An orange-red arsenic sulfide mineral once used as a pigment and poison
- [Beige](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/beige) #F5F5DC: A pale, warm colour named after natural, undyed wool
- [Azure](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azure) #007FFF: A clear sky blue, halfway between blue and cyan on the colour wheel
- [Scarlet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/scarlet) #E25822: A bright red with a touch of orange, long tied to power, sacrifice and sin
- [Carmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carmine-q320617): A deep red pigment made from cochineal insects, once prized across continents
- [Vermilion](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vermilion) #E34234: A brilliant orange-red pigment, once made from toxic mercury ore
- [Sky blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sky-blue) #87CEEB: A light blue named for the colour of a clear daytime sky
- [Rubia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rubia): A group of plants whose roots once dyed cloth and paint a lasting red
- [India ink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/india-ink): A deep black ink made from carbon soot, used for writing, drawing and calligraphy
- [Tartrazine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tartrazine): A synthetic lemon yellow dye widely used in food, cosmetics and medicines
- [Crimson](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/crimson) #DC143C: A deep red with a hint of purple, once made from insects
- [Lilac](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lilac) #C8A2C8: A soft purple inspired by the typical colour of lilac flowers
- [Alizarin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alizarin) #E32636: A deep red dye first made from madder roots, later produced from coal tar
- [Kohl](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/kohl-cosmetics): A dark eye cosmetic made from minerals like galena and stibnite
- [Maroon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/maroon) #800000: A deep brownish red named for the French word for chestnut
- [Tyrian purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tyrian-purple-q5180360): A reddish-purple dye once worth its weight in silver, made from sea snails
- [Carbon black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carbon-black): A deep black pigment and filler made by burning carbon-rich materials with little air
- [Paris Green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/paris-green) #50C878: A toxic emerald-green pigment once prized in art and used as an early insecticide
- [Sepia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sepia) #704214: A reddish-brown colour named for the ink of the cuttlefish
- [Lime](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lime) #BFFF00: A sharp yellow-green named for the skin of the lime fruit
- [Vantablack](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vantablack): A super-black coating made from carbon nanotubes that absorbs nearly all visible light
- [Crystal violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/crystal-violet): A synthetic purple dye used in science, medicine, and industry
- [Haematoxylin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/haematoxylin): A natural dye from logwood, best known for staining cell nuclei in histology
- [Cobalt blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cobalt-blue) #0047AB: A strong, stable blue pigment made from cobalt and alumina since the early 1800s
- [Sindoor](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sindoor): A red or orange-red powder marking marriage for Hindu women in South Asia
- [Malachite green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/malachite-green): A synthetic green dye once common for silk, now controversial in aquaculture
- [Chartreuse](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chartreuse) #80FF00: A bright yellow-green named after a French liqueur
- [Cream](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cream) #FFFDD0: A soft yellow-white named after the top layer of milk
- [Logwood](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/haematoxylum-campechianum): A tree whose wood yields a dye once vital for textiles and science
- [Navy blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/navy-blue) #000080: A deep blue shade named for the uniforms of the Royal Navy
- [Basic fuchsine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/fuchsine): A magenta dye used in biology and textile staining since the 19th century
- [Amber](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/amber) #FFBF00: A yellow-orange colour named after fossilised tree resin
- [Coral](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/coral) #FF7F50: A vivid orange-pink named after the colour of precious coral from the sea
- [Teal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/teal) #008080: A dark cyan named after the Eurasian teal bird’s blue-green head stripe
- [Verdigris](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/verdigris) #43B3AE: A historic bluish-green pigment formed on copper and used in art since antiquity
- [Saffron](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/saffron) #F4C430: A yellow-orange shade named after the colour of saffron crocus threads
- [Annatto](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/annatto): A yellow-orange dye and flavour from the seeds of the achiote tree
- [Mauve](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mauve) #E0B0FF: A pale purple named after the mallow flower and once a fashion sensation
- [Egyptian blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/egyptian-blue) #1034A6: A vivid blue pigment first made in ancient Egypt from copper, lime, and sand
- [Bone char](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bone-char): A deep black pigment and filter made by charring animal bones
- [Falu red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/falun-red) #801818: A deep red paint pigment from the Falun copper mine, used on wooden houses in Sweden
- [Celadon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/celadon-q1054559): A jade-green ceramic glaze prized in East Asian pottery for centuries
- [Burgundy](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/burgundy) #800020: A purplish dark red named after the wine region in France
- [Umber](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/umber) #8A3324: A natural brown pigment from earth, valued for its warmth and versatility in art
- [Ivory](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ivory) #FFFFF0: A soft off-white shade with a hint of yellow, named after animal tusks
- [Rose](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rose) #FF0080: A bright colour halfway between red and magenta on the colour wheel
- [Salmon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/salmon) #FA8072: A warm pink-orange shade named after the flesh of the salmon fish
- [Mauveine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mauveine): A purple dye first made by accident in 1856, launching the synthetic dye industry
- [Henna](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/henna): A reddish dye from the henna plant, used for body art and hair since ancient times
- [Bistre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bistre) #3D2B1F: A dark brown pigment and colour made from soot, once used in Old Master drawings
- [Cerulean](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cerulean) #007BA7: A blue-green colour once made from cobalt stannate and linked with the sky
- [Lavender](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lavender) #9966CC: A pale purple named for the lavender flower, with many subtle variations
- [Sienna](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sienna) #E97451: A reddish-brown earth pigment named after the city of Siena in Italy
- [Copper](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/copper) #B87333: A reddish brown shade named for the metal it matches
- [Peach](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/peach) #FFE5B4: A soft pastel shade named for the inside of a peach fruit
- [Royal blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/royal-blue) #002366: A strong, deep blue linked with royalty and national flags
- [Catechu](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/catechu): A brown plant extract used as a dye, tannin, and preservative
- [Scheele's green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/scheele-s-green): A yellowish-green pigment once prized for its brilliance, now infamous for its toxicity
- [Gamboge](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gamboge) #E49B0F: A strong yellow pigment tapped from Southeast Asian trees
- [Rust](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rust) #B7410E: A deep reddish-orange named after the colour of oxidised iron
- [Cardinal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cardinal) #C41E3A: A strong, deep red linked to church robes and team colours
- [Cerise](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cerise) #DE3163: A dark pink named after the French word for cherry
- [Ecru](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ecru) #C2B280: A pale, greyish yellow once named for unbleached linen
- [Spring green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spring-green) #00FF80: A bright green halfway between green and cyan on the RGB colour wheel
- [Viridian](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/viridian) #40826D: A blue-green pigment made from hydrated chromium oxide, valued in painting since the 1800s
- [Taupe](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/taupe) #483C32: A grey-brown shade named after the colour of a mole’s fur
- [Indian Yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indian-yellow) #E3A857: A clear, glowing orange-yellow pigment once made in India from cow urine
- [Lemon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lemon) #FFF700: A vivid yellow named for the colour of lemon fruit
- [Midnight blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/midnight-blue) #191970: A deep blue that recalls the sky late at night under moonlight
- [Naples yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/naples-yellow) #FADA5E: A historic synthetic yellow pigment once prized by painters and potters
- [Chrome yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrome-yellow) #FFA700: A bright yellow pigment made from lead chromate, once popular in art and industry
- [Pantone 448 C](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pantone-448-c) #4A412A: A dull brown shade chosen to discourage smoking by making packaging unattractive
- [Kermes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/kermes): A deep red dye made from Mediterranean scale insects, once prized for scarlet cloth
- [Kumkum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/kumkuma): A red powder made from turmeric and lime, used for forehead marks in India
- [Maya blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/maya-blue) #73C2FB: A vivid turquoise blue pigment made by the ancient Maya and Aztecs
- [Persian blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-blue) #1C39BB: A vivid blue inspired by Persian tiles and lapis lazuli
- [Electric blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/electric-blue) #7DF9FF: A bright blue named for the glow of electrical discharges and lightning
- [Tekhelet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tekhelet): A blue dye from sea snails, central to ancient Jewish ritual and tradition
- [Brazilin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brazilin): A red dye from brazilwood and sappanwood, used in textiles and paints since the Middle Ages
- [Cadmium pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cadmium-pigments) #006B3C: A family of strong yellow, orange, red and green pigments made from cadmium compounds
- [Lac](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lac-resin): A red resin secreted by insects and used as dye, varnish and shellac
- [International Klein Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/international-klein-blue-q534583) #0033CC: A deep blue made famous by Yves Klein's art and a special synthetic binder
- [Baby blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/baby-blue) #89CFF0: A soft pastel blue first named in English in 1892
- [Isabelline](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/isabelline) #F4F0EC: A pale grey-yellow or fawn colour seen in animal coats and old fashion
- [Powder blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/powder-blue) #B0E0E6: A pale blue once made from powdered cobalt glass, now a standard paint and web colour
- [Puce](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/puce) #CC8899: A brownish-purple shade named after the flea and once favoured in French fashion
- [Slate gray](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/slate-gray) #708090: A bluish-grey colour named after the stone used in roofs and building
- [International orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/international-orange) #BA160C: A strong reddish-orange used for safety in engineering, aerospace and maritime work
- [Mummy brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mummy-brown) #824B27: A transparent brown pigment once made from ground Egyptian mummies
- [Bleu de France](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bleu-de-france) #318CE7: A vivid blue long linked with France and its national identity
- [School bus yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/school-bus-yellow) #FFD800: A yellow made for North American school buses to stand out and be seen
- [YInMn Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yinmn-blue) #2E5090: A modern, stable blue pigment made from yttrium, indium and manganese oxides
- [Bleu celeste](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bleu-celeste): A pale blue used as a rare heraldic colour, lighter than traditional azure
- [Blood red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blood-red) #660000: A deep, dark red inspired by the colour of human blood
- [Coquelicot](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/coquelicot) #FF3800: A vivid reddish-orange named after the wild corn poppy flower
- [Mountbatten pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mountbatten-pink) #997A8D: A muted pink-grey once used as naval camouflage in World War II
- [Oxblood](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/oxblood) #4A0000: A deep, brownish red seen in ceramics, shoes and fashion
- [Blue-gray](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-gray) #6699CC: A cool-toned mix of blue and grey seen in nature, art, and uniforms
- [Safety orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/safety-orange) #FF7800: A vivid orange used for high-visibility and safety marking
- [Steel blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/steel-blue) #4682B4: A subdued blue-grey shade named for the colour of blued steel
- [Van Dyck brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/van-dyke-brown) #664228: A deep, earthy brown once made from German peat and soil
- [Forest green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/forest-green) #228B22: A deep green matching the leaves of temperate forests
- [Rose madder](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rose-madder) #E32636: A traditional red pigment made from the roots of the madder plant
- [Abir](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gulal): A coloured powder used in Hindu rituals and the Holi festival
- [Sang de boeuf glaze](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sang-de-boeuf-glaze): A deep red porcelain glaze first made in early 18th-century China
- [Rosso corsa](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rosso-corsa) #D40000: The deep red that marks Italian racing cars and teams
- [Tangerine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tangerine) #F28500: A bright orange named after the tangerine fruit
- [Zinc white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zinc-white) #FDF8FF: A cool, low-toxicity white pigment made from zinc oxide
- [Turkey red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/turkey-red) #A91101: A lasting bright red dye for cotton, made from madder root by a complex process
- [Baker-Miller Pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/baker-miller-pink) #FF91AF: A strong pink once used in prisons and sports to try to calm aggression
- [Savoy blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/savoy-blue) #4B61D1: A bright blue between peacock blue and periwinkle, a symbol of Italy since the Middle Ages
- [Majorelle Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/majorelle-blue) #6050DC: A vivid deep blue named for artist Jacques Majorelle and his Marrakesh garden
- [Han purple and Han blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/han-purple-and-han-blue): Ancient synthetic pigments of blue and purple, first made in early China
- [Fire engine red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/fire-engine-red) #CE2029: A bright red shade long used on fire engines and emergency vehicles
- [Old gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/old-gold) #CFB53B: A deep, dark yellow seen in sport, politics and tradition
- [Titanium white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/titanium-white) #FFFEEF: A bright white pigment made from titanium dioxide, valued for its strong coverage
- [Haint blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/haint-blue): A pale blue-green paint used on porch ceilings in the Southern United States
- [Imperial yellow jacket](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/imperial-yellow-jacket): A yellow riding jacket marking the highest honour in Qing dynasty China
- [Drab](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/drab): A dull light brown named after undyed homespun wool cloth
- [Lead white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lead-white): A dense, opaque white pigment once used in art, home, and cosmetics worldwide
- [Strawberry](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/strawberry) #FA5053: A bright red colour inspired by the ripe strawberry fruit
- [Stanford Cardinal Red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/stanford-university) #8C1515: A deep red colour used by Stanford University in its identity and sports
- [Jade](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/jade): A decorative stone prized for its green shades and cultural meaning across continents
- [Hematite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/hematite): A mineral iron oxide, black to red, used since prehistory as a pigment and ore
- [Magnetite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magnetite): A naturally magnetic black mineral and a major source of iron
- [Bioluminescence](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bioluminescence): Light produced by living things through a chemical reaction
- [Ebony](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ebony-q156005): A jet-black hardwood valued for its smooth finish and rarity
- [Titanium dioxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/titanium-dioxide): A brilliant white pigment made from titanium, used in paints, food and sunscreen
- [Tourmaline](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tourmaline) #86A1A9: A mineral group prized for its rainbow of gemstone colours
- [Cyclamen](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cyclamen) #F56FA1: A pinkish flower colour named after the Cyclamen plant
- [Onyx](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/onyx-q180884): A banded stone, usually black and white, prized for carving and jewellery
- [Blond hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blond) #FF9361: A human hair colour ranging from pale yellow to golden or reddish tones
- [Barium sulfate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/barium-sulfate): A dense, white mineral used in pigments, X-rays, and industry
- [Goethite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/goethite): A yellowish to reddish brown mineral used as a pigment since ancient times
- [Eye color](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eye-color) #800000: The natural colour of the iris, ranging from brown and blue to green and hazel
- [Iron oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/iron-oxide): Earthy pigments made from iron and oxygen, found in nature and used since prehistory
- [Iron(III) oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/iron-iii-oxide): A deep red iron compound found in hematite and used as pigment and polish
- [Red hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-hair): A rare human hair colour ranging from deep burgundy to strawberry blond
- [Tufts Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tufts-university) #3E8EDE: A clear blue used as the official colour of Tufts University
- [Lazurite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lazurite): A deep blue mineral that gives lapis lazuli its colour
- [Methyl orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/methyl-orange) #E32600: An orange-red azo dye used as a pH indicator in chemistry
- [Manganese dioxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/manganese-dioxide): A black-brown mineral oxide used in batteries, pigments, and chemical reactions
- [Iron(II) oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/iron-ii-oxide): A black iron compound used as a pigment and found deep in the Earth
- [Green fluorescent protein](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-fluorescent-protein): A jellyfish protein that glows green under blue or ultraviolet light
- [Lead(II,IV) oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lead-ii-iv-oxide): A strong red-orange pigment once widely used to protect iron and in illuminated manuscripts
- [Antimony trioxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/antimony-trioxide): A white antimony compound used in flame retardants and glassmaking
- [Chromium(III) oxide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chromium-iii-oxide): A strong green pigment and polishing compound made from chromium ore
- [White lead](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/white-lead): A historic opaque white pigment once made from lead and vinegar
- [Glauconite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/glauconite): A soft green mineral used as a pigment and in fertilisers
- [Cadmium sulfide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cadmium-sulfide): A bright yellow pigment and semiconductor compound made from cadmium and sulfur
- [Brown hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brown-hair): A natural human hair colour ranging from light to very dark brown
- [Palomino](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/palomino): A golden-coated horse with a pale mane and tail, prized for its striking look
- [Black hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/black-hair): The darkest and most common natural hair colour worldwide
- [Zinc phosphate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zinc-phosphate): A white inorganic compound used to protect metal and in dental cement
- [Zinnwaldite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zinnwaldite) #2C1608: A grey-brown mica mineral named after Zinnwald on the German–Czech border
- [Urobilin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/urobilin): The yellow pigment that gives urine its colour
- [Calcium chromate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/calcium-chromate): A bright yellow, highly toxic pigment and industrial chemical
- [Dragon's blood](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dragon-s-blood): A deep red resin from several plants, used as pigment, dye and varnish since ancient times
- [White hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/greying-of-hair): Hair that has lost its pigment and appears white or grey with age or other causes
- [Cosmic latte](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cosmic-latte) #FFF8E7: A pale beige shade found by averaging the light of over 200,000 galaxies
- [Blue (Weezer Blue Album cover)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/weezer-blue-album) #189BCC: The solid blue background from Weezer’s 1994 debut album cover
- [Wine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wine-red) #722F37: A deep, dark red-brown named for the colour of red wine
- [Greyscale](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/grayscale): Images made up only of shades of grey, from black to white
- [Sable](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sable): The heraldic name for the colour black
- [Carmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carmine) #960018: A deep red shade, close to pure red and seen in dried blood and rubies
- [Cornflower blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cornflower-blue) #6495ED: A clear, medium-light blue named for the cornflower and prized in sapphires
- [Amaranth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/amaranth) #E52B50: A reddish-rose colour named after the flower of the amaranth plant
- [Blood rain](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blood-rain): Rain that appears red, often caused by dust or microalgae in the water
- [Vert](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vert): The heraldic name for green, seen on coats of arms and many national flags
- [Chestnut](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chestnut-q1406070): A reddish-brown horse coat with no black hairs, seen in nearly all breeds
- [Pinto horse](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pinto-horse): A horse coat with large patches of white and another colour
- [Buff](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/buff) #FFC680: A pale brownish yellow named for the colour of natural leather
- [Azo dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azo-dye): A large group of synthetic dyes with vivid reds, oranges, and yellows
- [Gray horse](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gray-horse): A horse coat that turns lighter with age, often ending up nearly white
- [Trypan blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/trypan-blue) #1C05B3: A synthetic blue azo dye used to stain dead cells in science and medicine
- [Betalain](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/betalain): Red and yellow plant pigments found in beets, bougainvillea, and cacti
- [Color of water](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/color-of-water): The natural blue-cyan tint seen in pure water and large bodies like lakes and oceans
- [Lithopone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lithopone): A white pigment made from barium sulfate and zinc sulfide
- [Chestnut](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chestnut) #954535: A medium reddish brown named after the nut of the chestnut tree
- [Juglone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/juglone): A plant compound that gives deep brown-orange colour to cloth, ink and food
- [Purpure](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purpure): A heraldic colour for purple, seen in coats of arms since early times
- [Cobalt(II) phosphate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cobalt-ii-phosphate): A violet pigment and chemical compound used as cobalt violet in art
- [Eigengrau](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eigengrau) #16161D: The dark grey seen by the eyes in complete darkness
- [Gunmetal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gunmetal-q901715) #020D15: A dark copper alloy once used for casting guns and now valued for its strength and finish
- [Tan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tan) #D2B48C: A light brown shade named after oak bark used in leather tanning
- [Strontium chromate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/strontium-chromate): A yellow pigment and corrosion inhibitor made from strontium and chromium compounds
- [Polish cochineal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/polish-cochineal): A crimson dye once vital to Poland, made from a native scale insect
- [Vair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vair): A blue and white heraldic fur pattern based on squirrel pelts
- [Bronze](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bronze) #665D1E: A metallic brown shade named after the bronze alloy
- [Apricot](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/apricot) #FBCEB1: A pale yellow-orange shade named after the apricot fruit
- [Aqua](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/aqua) #00FFFF: A bright blue-green used for screens and web design
- [Cephalopod ink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cephalopod-ink): A dark liquid from sea creatures, once used in pens and now in Mediterranean and Japanese food
- [Chocolate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chocolate) #7B3F00: A deep brown shade that matches the look of milk chocolate
- [Light blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/light-blue) #ADD8E6: A pale blue shade found between blue and cyan, seen in flags and daily life worldwide
- [Barium metaborate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/barium-borate): A white or clear inorganic compound used in optics and as a pigment
- [Buckskin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/buckskin-horse): A tan or gold horse coat with black mane, tail and legs
- [Black (horse coat colour)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/black-horse): A horse coat where all hair, skin and eyes are dark, with no reddish or brownish areas
- [Glaucous](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/glaucous) #6082B6: A pale blue-grey colour seen on some plants and birds
- [Phthalo blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/copper-phthalocyanine) #000F89: A strong, synthetic blue pigment made from copper phthalocyanine
- [Raspberry](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/raspberry) #E30B5D: A bright, vivid red named after the fruit
- [Sinopia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sinopia) #CB410B: A reddish-brown earth pigment once prized for fresco underdrawings
- [Olo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/olo): An imaginary blue-green seen only by stimulating M cones in the retina
- [Carnation](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carnation): A heraldic colour for skin tones and sometimes pink details
- [Feldgrau](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/feldgrau) #4D5D53: A green-grey shade long used for military uniforms in Germany and beyond
- [Minium](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/minium-mineral): A rare scarlet to brownish red mineral form of lead oxide
- [Cinquasia red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quinacridone): A deep red pigment from the quinacridone family, valued for its durability
- [Alice blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alice-blue) #F0F8FF: A pale blue shade named for Alice Roosevelt, once a fashion trend in the US
- [Venetian red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/venetian-red) #C80815: A warm, earthy red pigment once prized by Renaissance painters
- [Armenian cochineal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/armenian-cochineal): A crimson dye once prized across Armenia and the Middle East, made from a rare insect
- [White horse](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/white-horse): A horse born with white hair and mostly pink skin, rare and distinct from grey horses
- [Leopard complex](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/leopard-complex): A group of horse coat patterns with spots and white areas, controlled by the Lp gene
- [Russet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/russet) #80461B: A dark brown with a reddish-orange tinge, once the colour of coarse English cloth
- [Anthoxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/anthoxanthin): A group of plant pigments ranging from white to yellow, used in foods and dyes
- [Brindle](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brindle): A striped coat pattern found in dogs, cattle, cats, guinea pigs and rare horses
- [Olive skin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/olive-skin): A human skin tone with greenish, yellowish, or golden undertones
- [Maize](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/maize) #FBEC5D: A yellow named for the colour of maize grains, ranging from pale to golden
- [Eggplant](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eggplant) #614051: A deep purplish colour named after the skin of European eggplants
- [Mahogany](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mahogany) #C04000: A reddish-brown named after mahogany wood, first recorded as a colour in 1737
- [Mustard](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mustard) #FFDB58: A muted yellow shade named after the condiment
- [Chrome orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrome-orange) #E73501: A yellowish to deep orange pigment once prized by 19th-century painters
- [Blue-green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-green) #009C8C: The colour between blue and green, part of the cyan family
- [Mulberry](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mulberry-q218218) #572364: A deep reddish-purple named after the colour of mulberry jam or pie
- [BISU Maroon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/beijing-international-studies-university): A deep maroon chosen as a school colour by Beijing International Studies University
- [Light skin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/light-skin): A human skin colour with low eumelanin, common in regions with low sunlight
- [Liver](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/liver) #674C47: A dark brown shade seen in animal coats and named after the organ
- [Orchid](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/orchid) #DA70D6: A vivid purple named for the colour of orchid flowers
- [Plum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/plum) #8E4585: A purple shade named for the colour of plum fruit
- [Tawny](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tawny) #CD5700: A light brown to brownish-orange shade named for tanned leather
- [UCLA Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ucla-bruins) #2D68C4: A clear blue shade worn by UCLA's teams and tied to the Pacific coast
- [Bryoria fremontii](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bryoria-fremontii): A dark brown lichen used for food, medicine, and dye by First Nations in North America
- [Chrysothrix chlorina](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrysothrix-chlorina): A yellow to yellow-green powdery lichen used as a dye in India and Sweden
- [Tiffany Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tiffany-blue-q950159) #81D8D0: A light blue-green shade trademarked by Tiffany & Co. for its boxes and branding
- [Cobalt green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cobalt-green): A green pigment made by adding cobalt to other oxides
- [Bismuth vanadate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bismuth-vanadate): A strong yellow pigment made from bismuth and vanadium oxides
- [Ferrihydrite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ferrihydrite): A dark brown to yellow-brown iron mineral found in soils and water deposits
- [Desert sand](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/desert-sand) #EDC9AF: A pale, reddish yellow inspired by the colour of sand in deserts
- [Heliotrope](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/heliotrope) #DF73FF: A pinkish-purple shade named for the heliotrope flower
- [Red-violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-violet) #C71585: A strong colour found between red and magenta, often called purple in art
- [Ruby](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ruby) #E0115F: A vivid red shade named for the polished ruby gemstone
- [Rufous](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rufous) #A81C07: A reddish-brown colour named from Latin and seen in animal names
- [Orcein](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/orcein): A reddish dye made from lichens, changing colour with acidity
- [Sanguine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sanguine): A dark blood-red stain used as a heraldic colour
- [Auburn hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/auburn-hair) #A52A2A: A natural hair colour blending red and brown tones
- [Tenné](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tenne): A rare heraldic stain of orange-tawny, named for tanned leather
- [Haematin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/haematin): A dark bluish or brownish iron pigment formed by oxidising haem
- [Manganese violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/manganese-violet): A synthetic purple pigment once favoured by Impressionist painters
- [Seal brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/seal-brown-horse): A near-black horse coat with tan or reddish highlights on soft areas
- [Dark skin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dark-skin): Human skin rich in melanin, evolved for protection in strong sunlight
- [Aureolin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/aureolin) #FDEE00: A transparent yellow pigment made from potassium cobaltinitrite
- [X11 color names](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/x11-color-names) #FFEBCD: A set of colour names and values used in the X Window System and early web browsers
- [Fulvous](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/fulvous) #E48400: A dull orange-brown shade seen in animals and fungi
- [Indian red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/iron-oxide-red) #CD5C5C: A deep red pigment once sourced from Indian laterite soil, now made from iron oxide
- [Phthalo green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/phthalocyanine-green-g) #123524: A synthetic green pigment made from copper and chlorinated phthalocyanine
- [Platinum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/platinum) #E5E4E2: A pale metallic greyish-white named after the precious metal platinum
- [Selective yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/selective-yellow) #FFBA00: A yellow defined for car headlamps and fog lamps to cut glare in bad weather
- [Straw](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/straw) #E4D96F: A pale yellow shade named after dried stalks of grain
- [Zaffre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zaffre) #0014A8: A deep blue pigment once made by roasting cobalt ore
- [Green earth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-earth) #DADD98: A natural green pigment from celadonite and glauconite, used since ancient Rome
- [Air Force blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/air-force-blue) #5D8AA8: A medium blue-green shade linked to air force uniforms and flags
- [Gray card](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gray-card) #777777: A neutral grey reference card for setting exposure and colour balance in photography
- [Venetian ceruse](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/venetian-ceruse): A white lead-based cosmetic once prized for skin whitening in Renaissance Europe
- [Dominant white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dominant-white): A group of horse coat colours caused by KIT gene mutations, often producing all-white coats
- [Coffee](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/coffee) #6F4E37: A brown shade matching the look of roasted coffee beans
- [Fallow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/fallow) #C19A6B: A soft brown shade named for the look of dry fields and old leaves
- [Fawn](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/fawn) #E5AA70: A pale yellowish tan seen in fabrics and many dog breeds
- [Jasmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/jasmine) #F8DE7E: A pale yellow shade named after the jasmine flower
- [rebeccapurple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eric-a-meyer) #663399: A deep purple web colour named in memory of Rebecca Meyer
- [Vanilla](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vanilla) #F3E5AB: A pale yellow tint named after the colour of vanilla beans and ice cream
- [Alizarin crimson](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alizarin-crimson) #E32636: A deep red with blue undertones, once made from madder roots
- [Minium](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/minium) #FF4203: A bright orange-red pigment made by heating lead, once common in medieval manuscripts
- [Purple of Cassius](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-of-cassius): A purple pigment made by reacting gold salts with tin(II) chloride
- [Sabino](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sabino-horse): A horse coat pattern with irregular white markings and roaning
- [Rabicano](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rabicano): A horse coat pattern with white hairs at the tail and flanks
- [Arylide yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/arylide-yellow) #E9D66B: A family of semi-transparent yellow pigments used in art and industry
- [Bole](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bole) #79443B: A reddish-brown pigment made from fine clay, used under gold leaf in art
- [Eggshell](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eggshell) #F0EAD6: A pale, warm off-white inspired by the colour of a chicken egg
- [Lemon chiffon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lemon-chiffon) #FFFACD: A pale yellow web colour named after a light, airy cake
- [Mexican pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mexican-pink) #E4007C: A vivid purplish pink seen throughout Mexican art and tradition
- [Persian red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-red) #CC3333: A deep reddish orange pigment once made from earths near the Persian Gulf
- [Robin egg blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/robin-egg-blue) #00CCCC: A blue-green shade named for the eggs of the American robin
- [Smoky black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/smoky-black) #100C08: A horse coat colour made by the cream gene on a black base
- [Stil de grain yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/stil-de-grain-yellow) #FADA5E: A yellow pigment made from buckthorn berries, once known as 'pink' or 'sap green'
- [Indigoidine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigoidine): A blue pigment made by certain bacteria and studied for its unique colour
- [Murrey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/murrey): A dark reddish purple used as a rare heraldic colour
- [Perinone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/perinone): A group of organic pigments with orange and red isomers
- [Pompeian red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pompeian-red) #A22E37: A deep red seen on ancient Roman walls and ceramics, named for the ruins of Pompeii
- [Champagne](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/champagne-q5069879) #FAF2C5: A very pale yellow-orange named after the sparkling wine
- [Persian green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-green-q5922149) #00A693: A vivid bluish green seen in Iranian ceramics and religious buildings
- [Cobalt glass](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cobalt-glass) #003399: A deep blue glass coloured with cobalt compounds, used in art and decoration for centuries
- [Camel](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/camel-q17082553) #C19A6B: A light yellowish brown named for the colour of camel hair
- [Anti-flash white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/anti-flash-white): A special white paint used on nuclear bombers to reflect heat from nuclear blasts
- [Cendrée](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cendree): A rare heraldic grey, the colour of ashes, iron, and stone walls
- [Marengo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/marengo) #4C5866: A dark grey or blue-grey shade, once a speckled fabric from northern Italy
- [Naphthol Red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/naphthol-red): A synthetic red pigment widely used in car paints and art materials
- [Lead-tin yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lead-tin-yellow): A strong yellow pigment once favoured by Renaissance and Baroque painters
- [Cerium(III) sulfide red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cerium-iii-sulfide): A bright red pigment made from a rare earth sulfide compound
- [Jungle green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/jungle-green) #3B7A57: A rich medium green named for the colour of dense rainforest foliage
- [Dodger blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dodger-blue) #1E90FF: A vivid web blue named after the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team
- [Lava](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lava) #CF1020: A purplish red named for fresh volcanic lava
- [Oxford Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/oxford-blue) #002147: A deep blue shade representing the University of Oxford
- [Payne's grey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/payne-s-grey) #536878: A blue-grey paint mixture first made by William Payne in the 1700s
- [Alizarin Red S](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alizarin-red-s): A synthetic red dye used to reveal calcium and minerals in science
- [Cudbear](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ochrolechia-tartarea): A red dye once made from a lichen found on rocks in upland Europe
- [Candy apple red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/candy-apple-red) #FF0800: A glossy, intense red inspired by the coating on candied apples
- [Iris](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/iris) #5A4FCF: A blue-violet to violet colour named after the iris flower
- [Sooty](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sooty-horse): A horse coat colour with black hairs mixed into the main colour, often darkening the topline
- [Blue hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-hair): Hair coloured blue by dye, art, or nature’s rare effects
- [Byzantium](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/byzantium) #702963: A dark purple shade named in the 20th century, not to be confused with Tyrian purple
- [Cadet grey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cadet-grey) #91A3B0: A blue-tinged grey once common in military uniforms
- [Cambridge Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cambridge-blue) #A3C1AD: A spring green shade worn by University of Cambridge sports teams
- [Carnelian](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carnelian) #B31B1B: A deep reddish-brown named after the semi-precious carnelian stone
- [Citrine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/citrine) #E4D00A: A golden yellow colour named after the citron fruit and seen in quartz gemstones
- [Columbia blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/columbia-blue) #B9D9EB: A pale blue shade first used by Columbia University and its student societies
- [Navajo white](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/navajo-white) #FFDEAD: A pale yellow-orange paint shade named for the Navajo Nation flag’s background
- [Rich black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rich-black) #004040: A deep black in print made by layering coloured inks under black
- [Spring bud](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spring-bud) #A7FC00: A bright yellow-green once known as spring green before 1987
- [Sunset](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sunset) #FAD6A5: A pale orange shade named after the colour of clouds at sunset
- [Titanium yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/titanium-yellow) #EEE600: A strong yellow pigment made from titanium, nickel, and antimony oxides
- [Tuscan red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tuscan-red) #7C4848: A deep, dark red once standard on railway passenger cars
- [Colorimetric whiteness](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/whiteness): A measured value for how white a surface appears under standard light
- [Gambiered Guangdong gauze](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/xiangyunsha-silk): A silk from Guangdong, China, dyed with plant juice and river mud
- [Pigment Yellow 13](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-13): A synthetic yellow pigment from the diarylide family used in printing inks
- [Caput mortuum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/caput-mortuum): A deep purple pigment made from iron oxide, once used for painting robes
- [Naphthomycin A](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/naphthomycin-a): A yellow pigment isolated from Streptomyces collinus
- [Calcium plumbate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/calcium-plumbate): A lead-based inorganic pigment once used to prevent corrosion in paints
- [Chrysophenine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrysophenine): A golden-yellow direct dye for textiles and biological stains
- [Pigment Yellow 154](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-154): A synthetic yellow pigment valued for its high light and weather resistance
- [National colours of Ukraine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/national-colours-of-ukraine): Blue and gold as the colours of Ukraine’s flag, arms and national teams
- [Flaxen](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/flaxen): A genetic trait giving chestnut horses pale, golden manes and tails
- [Overo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/overo): A group of white-over-dark pinto patterns in horses, not related to tobiano
- [Cordovan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cordovan) #893F45: A deep, dark red named after Córdoba and known for its link to leather
- [Goldenrod](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/goldenrod) #DAA520: A strong yellow named for the goldenrod flower
- [Lincoln green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lincoln-green) #195905: A yellowish-green cloth colour first made in medieval Lincoln, England
- [Magnolia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magnolia) #F2E8D7: A soft cream shade named for the magnolia flower, common in British interiors
- [Non-photo blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/non-photo-blue) #A4DDED: A pale blue used in art and print that does not show up in reproduction
- [Yale Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yale-blue) #00356B: A deep blue shade linked to Yale University since the 19th century
- [Wine colour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wine-color): The range of colours seen in wines, from pale yellow to deep red and tawny
- [Pigment Red 3](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/toluidine-red): A dark red azo pigment once common in oil paints
- [Pigment Yellow 74](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-74): A yellow-green azo pigment used in inks, paints, and tattoo colours
- [Pigment Yellow 83](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-83): A reddish-yellow diarylide pigment used in inks and plastics
- [Attic ochre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/attic-ochre): A prized bright yellow ochre once mined near Athens for art and fine decoration
- [Golden ochre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/golden-ochre): A warm yellow pigment rich in iron, prized since ancient times for its pure colour
- [Pigment Yellow 97](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-97): A synthetic yellow pigment valued for its high fastness and stability
- [Capri](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/capri) #00BFFF: A strong blue-green named for the sea and grotto near Capri, Italy
- [Horizon blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/horizon-blue) #7CA2B8: A blue-grey shade famous for French army uniforms in World War I
- [Middle gray](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/middle-gray): A neutral tone halfway between black and white, used to calibrate cameras and prints
- [Mars Black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mars-black): A strong, opaque black pigment made from iron oxide
- [Lead ochre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lead-ochre): A group of yellow, orange and red lead-based pigments resembling ochre
- [Azure spar](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azure-spar): A partly obsolete name for several bright blue ornamental minerals
- [Mosaic gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mosaic-gold): A yellow pigment made from tin(IV) sulfide, used for gilding and bronzing
- [Ommochrome](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ommochrome): A group of pigments giving colour to the eyes of insects, crustaceans and some other animals
- [Pigment violet 23](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-violet-23): A synthetic violet pigment from the dioxazine family, used in commercial applications
- [Benzimidazolone pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/benzimidazolone-pigments): A group of strong, lightfast yellow, orange, and red synthetic pigments
- [Roan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/roan): A coat colour with white and coloured hairs mixed evenly across the body
- [Cinereous](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cinereous) #98817B: A grey with a hint of coppery brown, like the colour of wood ash
- [Santalin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/santalin): Red pigments obtained from the wood of the red sandalwood tree
- [Line of purples](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/line-of-purples): The edge of visible colour between pure red and pure violet in colour theory
- [Caramelo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/caramelo-dog): A caramel-coloured mongrel dog, seen as a symbol of Brazil and Mexico
- [Diarylide pigment](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/diarylide-pigment): A family of yellow organic pigments widely used in printing inks
- [Pigment Yellow 16](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-16): A synthetic yellow pigment used in paints and printing inks
- [Pigment Yellow 14](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-yellow-14): A diarylide yellow pigment used in packaging and textile printing
- [Eton blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/eton-blue-q5404819) #96C8A2: A greenish blue shade linked to Eton College and early Chelsea FC colours
- [Azurite](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azurite): A blue pigment ground from copper-rich mineral, common in medieval and Renaissance art
- [Earth tone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/earth-tone): A palette of colours inspired by soil, stone, and natural landscapes
- [Titian hair](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/titian-hair) #BD5620: A brownish-orange shade of red hair named after the painter Titian
- [Atramentum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/atramentum): A deep black ink or dye once used for writing, leather and painting in ancient Rome
- [Flexirubin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/flexirubin): A yellow-orange pigment found in certain bacteria
- [Rügen chalk](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rugen-chalk): A soft, white chalk from the cliffs of Rügen, Germany
- [Metal effect pigments](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/metal-effect-pigment): Pigments that give paints and inks a metallic look using tiny metal flakes
- [Pigment Orange 36](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-orange-36): A synthetic orange pigment valued for its lasting colour in paints and coatings
- [Tovero](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tovero): A horse coat pattern combining tobiano and overo markings
- [Varnish roan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/varnish-roan): A horse coat pattern with intermingled white and dark hairs, linked to the Leopard complex
- [Carolina blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carolina-blue) #56A0D3: A light blue shade tied to the University of North Carolina
- [Duke blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/duke-blue) #00009C: A deep blue shade linked to Duke University’s identity and tradition
- [Palatinate](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/palatinate) #682860: A purple shade long tied to Durham University and its traditions
- [Portland Orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/portland-orange) #FF5A36: A vivid orange-red used for 'don't walk' pedestrian signals in North America
- [Zinzolin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zinzolin) #6C0277: A rare reddish-purple shade with shifting meanings in art and dress
- [Go Away Green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/go-away-green): A muted green paint used in Disney Parks to hide buildings and infrastructure
- [Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-in-culture): A colour long prized in art, faith and dress, from ancient Egypt to modern flags
- [U of T Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/u-of-t-blue) #1E3765: A deep navy blue used by the University of Toronto since its founding
- [Rose](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rose-q16977936): A bright pink colour used as a heraldic tincture in Canada since the late 1900s
- [Super black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/super-black): A surface treatment that absorbs nearly all visible light
- [Vioxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vioxanthin): A brownish-yellow pigment first found in a fungus that can signal food contamination
- [Engineer's blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/engineer-s-blue): A blue paste used to check how closely two surfaces fit together
- [Agouti coloration](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/agouti-coloration-genetics): A banded hair colour pattern in mammals, controlled by the agouti gene
- [Android green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/android-green) #3DDC84: A bright green defined by Google for the Android robot mascot and logo
- [Dandelion](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dandelion) #FED85D: A yellow crayon colour named after the dandelion flower
- [Marian blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/marian-blue) #00488B: A deep blue shade linked with images of the Virgin Mary in Christian art
- [Marrs green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/marrs-green) #008C8C: A rich teal-green named the world's favourite colour in a 2017 global survey
- [Bice](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bice) #2072AF: A historic blue or green pigment once made from copper minerals
- [Coventry blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/coventry-blue): A blue cloth from Coventry, dyed with woad and known for its lasting colour
- [Lusty gallant](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lusty-gallant) #FFCCCC: A pale pink shade named after a Tudor dance in 16th-century England
- [Ultra-Black](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ultra-black): A colour so dark it reflects less than 0.5% of incoming light
- [Ferroverdin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ferroverdin): A green pigment formed by certain Streptomyces bacteria
- [Blue pigment](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-pigments): Pigments that give blue colour to paints, inks, and art from ancient times to today
- [Red pigment](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-pigments): Pigments made from minerals, plants, and insects to create red colours in art
- [Green pigment](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-pigments): Pigments that give green colour to paint, ink, and art through history
- [NIVO](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/nivo) #404735: A dark grey-green finish once used on British night bombers
- [National colours of New Zealand](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/national-colours-of-new-zealand): Black, white or silver, and red ochre as New Zealand’s national colours
- [Saffron](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/saffron-q25434): A golden-yellow colour from the dried stigmas of the saffron crocus flower
- [Mangosteen purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mangosteen): The deep reddish-purple of ripe mangosteen fruit rind
- [Safflower](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/safflower): A thistle-like plant whose petals yield red and yellow dyes
- [Riboflavin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/riboflavin): A yellow-orange vitamin used as a food colour and supplement
- [Caramel](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/caramel): A golden-brown colour and sweet made by heating sugar until it browns
- [Walnut](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/walnut): A brown dye and ink made from the husk of the walnut fruit
- [Annatto](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bixa-orellana): A natural orange-red dye from the seeds of a tropical shrub
- [Tormentil red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/potentilla-erecta): A red dye for leather made from the root of the tormentil plant
- [Carotene](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carotene): The orange pigment found in carrots and many fruits and vegetables
- [Butterfly pea blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/clitoria-ternatea): A vivid blue from the butterfly pea flower, used in Asian food and drink
- [Tansy yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tansy): A golden-yellow dye from the flowers of the tansy plant
- [Indigofera tinctoria](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigofera-tinctoria): A shrub whose leaves yield natural indigo dye
- [Lycopene](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lycopene): The deep red pigment found in tomatoes and many red fruits
- [Rose madder](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rubia-tinctorum): A red dye and pigment from the roots of a climbing plant
- [Reseda green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/reseda-plant): A soft green named after the leaves of the reseda plant
- [Brazilwood red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/paubrasilia): A deep orange-red dye from the heartwood of Brazil’s national tree
- [Curcumin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/curcumin): The bright yellow pigment found in turmeric root
- [Lutein](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lutein): A yellow-orange plant pigment used in food and supplements
- [Catechu](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/senegalia-catechu): A reddish-brown dye and extract from the heartwood of Senegalia catechu
- [Dyer's greenweed](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/genista-tinctoria): A yellow dye plant with golden flowers, found across Europe and Turkey
- [Dragon's blood (from Dracaena cinnabari)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dracaena-cinnabari): A deep red resin from the Socotra dragon tree, prized as a dye and medicine
- [Tagetes patula dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tagetes-patula): A golden yellow dye and spice made from French marigold flowers
- [Sappanwood](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/biancaea-sappan): A tropical Asian tree whose heartwood yields a red dye called brazilin
- [Astaxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/astaxanthin): A red pigment found in algae, seafood shells, and used in animal feed
- [Sunset yellow FCF](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sunset-yellow-fcf): A synthetic orange-yellow dye used in food, cosmetics, and medicines
- [Flavin mononucleotide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/flavin-mononucleotide): An orange-red food colour and biomolecule made from vitamin B2
- [Zeaxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zeaxanthin): A yellow pigment found in corn, saffron, paprika and many plants
- [Carmoisine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azorubine): A synthetic red dye used in foods and medicines in the EU
- [Weld](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/reseda-luteola): A plant once prized for its bright yellow dye
- [Indigo carmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigo-carmine): A water-soluble blue dye made from indigo, used in food, medicine and science
- [Quercitron](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quercus-velutina): A yellow dye once made from the inner bark of the black oak tree
- [Alkanet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alkanna-tinctoria): A Mediterranean plant whose root gives a red dye used since ancient times
- [Cota tinctoria](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cota-tinctoria): A daisy-like plant once used to make yellow and golden-orange dyes
- [Dyer's saw-wort](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/serratula-tinctoria): A European plant once used for its yellow dye from the leaves
- [Erythrosine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/erythrosine): A bright red-pink synthetic dye used in food, cosmetics, and industry
- [Betanin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/betanin): A red food dye made from beets and other plants
- [Indigofera suffruticosa](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigofera-suffruticosa): A shrub from the Americas used to make indigo dye and Maya blue pigment
- [Canthaxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/canthaxanthin): A reddish-orange pigment used in food and animal feed
- [Brilliant blue FCF](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brilliant-blue-fcf): A synthetic blue dye widely used in foods, drinks, and medicines
- [Ponceau 4R](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ponceau-4r): A synthetic strawberry red dye used in foods outside the United States
- [Green S](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-s): A synthetic green dye used in food and eye tests
- [Murexide](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/murexide): A purple chemical once used as a dye and indicator in chemistry
- [Cosmos sulphureus dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cosmos-sulphureus): An orange-yellow dye from the flowers of the Cosmos sulphureus plant
- [Quinoline Yellow WS](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quinoline-yellow-ws): A greenish yellow synthetic dye used in foods, drinks, medicines and cosmetics
- [Amaranth](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/amaranth-q421074): A synthetic red azo dye once used in foods and cosmetics
- [Goldenseal](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/goldenseal): A North American herb with a yellow root once used as a dye
- [Turnsole](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrozophora-tinctoria): A blue-purple dye once prized for manuscripts and textiles
- [4-Nitroaniline](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/4-nitroaniline): A yellow chemical used to make dyes and other industrial products
- [Quercus lusitanica](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quercus-lusitanica): A Mediterranean oak shrub that yields nutgalls for dyeing
- [Yellow 2G](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yellow-2g): A synthetic yellow azo dye once used as a food colouring
- [Brilliant Black BN](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brilliant-black-bn): A synthetic black dye used in foods and decorations, known as E151 in Europe
- [Violaxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/violaxanthin): An orange pigment found in many plants and used as a food colouring in some countries
- [Xanthene](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/xanthene): A yellow organic compound at the core of many fluorescent dyes
- [Indian madder](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rubia-cordifolia): A plant root once prized for its red dye and pigment
- [Crocin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/crocin): The deep red pigment that gives saffron its colour
- [Kamala dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mallotus-philippensis): A golden red dye from the fruit of the kamala tree
- [Diospyros malabarica dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/diospyros-malabarica): A black dye from the unripe fruit and leaves of the Malabar ebony tree
- [Brown HT](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brown-ht): A synthetic brown dye used in processed foods and baking
- [Wolf lichen yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/letharia-vulpina): A bright yellow-green dye and poison from a shrubby lichen of western North America
- [Patent Blue V](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/patent-blue-v): A synthetic blue dye used in food, medicine, and chemistry
- [Red 2G](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-2g): A synthetic red azo dye once used in food and inks, now banned in many countries
- [Chrysoine resorcinol](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrysoine-resorcinol): A synthetic azo dye once used in food and as a pH indicator
- [Cochlospermum yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cochlospermum): A yellow dye from the roots of Cochlospermum trees in Africa and Asia
- [Food orange 2](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/orange-ggn): A synthetic orange azo dye once used in foods, now banned for safety reasons
- [D&C Red 7](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lithol-rubine-bk): A synthetic red pigment widely used in printing and food colouring
- [Red yeast rice](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-yeast-rice): A vivid reddish purple rice coloured by a special mould, used in food and medicine
- [Desmodium incanum blue dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/desmodium-incanum): A blue dye obtained from the creeping beggarweed plant in West Africa
- [Citrus Red 2](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/citrus-red-2): A synthetic dye once used to colour the skins of oranges in the US
- [Lawsone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lawsone): The red-orange dye compound found in henna leaves
- [Crotal dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/parmelia-saxatilis): A traditional dye from a common lichen, giving deep red-brown and rusty-orange shades
- [Solvent Yellow 14](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sudan-i): An orange-red azo dye once used in food, now banned for food and textiles
- [Scarlet GN](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/scarlet-gn): A synthetic red azo dye once used in foods and now mainly in cosmetics
- [Sudan dyes](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sudan-stain): A group of synthetic dyes used for colouring fats, plastics and biological samples
- [Pala indigo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wrightia-tinctoria): A tree from India whose leaves yield a blue dye like indigo
- [Vaccinium bracteatum dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vaccinium-bracteatum): A bluish-violet dye from the leaves of an Asian bilberry shrub
- [Brown FK](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/brown-fk): A synthetic brown food dye once used to colour smoked fish and meats
- [Genipin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/genipin): A natural compound used to make blue pigment from gardenia fruit
- [Carthamin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/carthamin) #D71345: A red pigment and dye obtained from safflower flowers
- [Old fustic](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/maclura-tinctoria): A yellow dye from a tropical tree, once key for military khaki
- [Bloodroot](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sanguinaria): A red dye from the sap of a North American woodland plant
- [Garcinia cowa yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/garcinia-cowa): A yellow dye from the bark of the Garcinia cowa tree in tropical Asia
- [Viologen](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/viologen): Organic compounds that switch between blue, violet and yellow when reduced or oxidised
- [Chay root dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/oldenlandia-umbellata): A red dye from the root bark of a plant native to India
- [Haematoxylum brasiletto](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/haematoxylum-brasiletto): A Central American tree whose heartwood gives red and pink dyes
- [Apoplanesia paniculata red dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/apoplanesia-paniculata): A red dye from a Yucatan tree, once used in Maya murals and paper
- [Sudan Red G](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sudan-red-g): A yellowish red azo dye used for colouring fats, waxes, and some plastics
- [Bluing](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bluing-fabric): A blue dye added to laundry to make white fabrics look brighter
- [Martius yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/martius-yellow): A synthetic yellow dye once used for wool and in laboratory staining
- [Ephedra cutleri dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ephedra-cutleri): A dye from a desert shrub used for light tan or reddish colours
- [Symplocos tinctoria yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/symplocos-tinctoria): A yellow dye once made from the bark and leaves of a North American tree
- [Orange B](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/orange-b): A synthetic azo dye once used to colour hot dog and sausage casings in the United States
- [Formazan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/formazan): A group of synthetic dyes with colours from dark blue to deep red or orange
- [PTCDA](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/perylenetetracarboxylic-dianhydride): A dark red organic compound used to make Rylene dyes and pigments
- [Morindone](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/morindone): A red dye from the roots of Morinda plants, mainly grown in India
- [Cryptolepis yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cryptolepis-sanguinolenta): A yellow dye from the roots of a West and Central African climbing shrub
- [Dianella sandwicensis blue dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dianella-sandwicensis): A blue dye once made from the berries of the Hawaiian lily
- [Sulfur dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sulfur-dye): A group of dyes mainly used for dark colours on cotton fabrics
- [Hairy puccoon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lithospermum-caroliniense): A yellow-flowered plant whose roots yield a red dye
- [Dyebush](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/psorothamnus-emoryi): A desert shrub used for dyes and stains
- [Berberis fremontii purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/berberis-fremontii): A purple dye from the berries of a North American barberry shrub
- [Little-leaf mountain mahogany dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cercocarpus-ledifolius-var-intricatus): A reddish-brown dye made from the tap-root bark of a desert shrub
- [Yellow kamala](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mallotus-discolor): A yellow dye from the fruit covering of an Australian rainforest tree
- [Quercitron](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quercitron): A yellow dye made from the bark of the Eastern Black Oak tree
- [Phlobaphene](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/phlobaphene): A group of reddish, water-insoluble plant pigments found in bark and seeds
- [Pigment Violet 29](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pigment-violet-29): A dark red-purple pigment used in paints, inks, and dyes
- [Navajo tea dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/thelesperma-subnudum): A yellow to orange dye made from a wildflower used by the Navajo
- [Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/int-chemical): A chemical that forms a rusty red dye when reduced in lab assays
- [Gambier](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gambier-extract): A yellow-brown plant extract used as dye, tannin and traditional medicine
- [Bisdemethoxycurcumin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bisdemethoxycurcumin): A yellow pigment and curcuminoid found in turmeric root
- [Zafferano dell'Aquila](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/l-aquila-saffron): A prized saffron grown on the Navelli plateau in Abruzzo, Italy
- [Zeinoxanthin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/zeinoxanthin): A rare yellow carotenoid found in corn and linked to eye health
- [Terminalia dhofarica dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/terminalia-dhofarica): A yellow to yellow-green dye made from the leaves of a South Arabian tree
- [Borututu](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/borututu): A yellow colouring from the bark of an African tree, used in Ghana and Angola
- [Marking blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/marking-blue): A blue dye for marking metal in machining and layout work
- [Puccoon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/puccoon): A group of North American plants once used for dye from their roots
- [Chrozophoridin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chrozophoridin): The blue-purple dye compound from the fruit of Chrozophora tinctoria
- [CBQCA reagent](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/3-4-carboxybenzoyl-quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde): A dye for detecting proteins by turning fluorescent green when bound
- [Pyrylium-1](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pyrylium-1): A dye that turns fluorescent orange when it binds to amines
- [Purple sweet potato color](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-sweet-potato-color): A natural purple food colouring from specially bred sweet potatoes
- [Croconate violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/croconate-violet): A synthetic violet dye made from croconate and malononitrile
- [Croconate blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/croconate-blue): A synthetic blue dye made from croconic acid and malononitrile
- [Yeomsaek](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yeomsaek): Traditional Korean dyeing using natural colourings, especially indigo
- [Azuline](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/azuline): A blue synthetic dye from coal tar, used for silk in the 1860s
- [Disperse blue dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/disperse-blue-dye): A family of blue dyes used mainly for synthetic fabrics
- [Gamboge (from Garcinia cambogioides)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/garcinia-cambogioides): A yellow resin from the Garcinia cambogioides tree, used in food, paint and medicine
- [Turnsole](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/turnsole): A medieval dye from Chrozophora tinctoria, shifting from blue to red with acidity
- [Argythamnia heterantha](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/argythamnia-heterantha): A Mexican shrub whose orange seed endosperm colours and flavours food
- [Red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-in-culture): A colour linked with luck, love, courage and ceremony in cultures worldwide
- [Alloy orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/alloy-orange) #C46210: A metallic orange shade created for Crayola's Metallic FX crayon set
- [Antique fuchsia](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/antique-fuchsia) #915C83: A muted purplish-pink from the Plochere colour system
- [Baby pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/baby-pink) #F4C2C2: A pale pink shade linked with baby girls in Western culture
- [Barn red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/barn-red) #7C0A02: A deep red shade linked to traditional American barn paint
- [Beaver](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/beaver) #9F8170: A soft brown shade named for the fur of the beaver
- [Big dip o’ruby](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/big-dip-o-ruby) #9C2542: A metallic red shade created for Crayola’s Metallic FX crayon line
- [Bistre brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/bistre-brown) #967117: A medium brown once used in ink by the Old Masters
- [Blue (Munsell)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-munsell) #0093AF: A vivid blue from the Munsell colour system, between azure and cyan
- [Blue (NCS)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-ncs) #0087BD: A blue from the Natural Color System, close to azure and bordering on cyan
- [Blue (pigment)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/blue-pigment) #333399: A standard blue mixed from cyan and magenta inks in printing
- [Burnt orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/burnt-orange) #CC5500: A medium-dark orange shade linked with sports teams and 1970s interiors
- [Café au lait](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cafe-au-lait) #A67B5B: A soft brown shade like coffee mixed with milk
- [Canary yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/canary-yellow) #FFEF00: A bright yellow named after the canary bird and used as a printing primary
- [Candy pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/candy-pink) #E4717A: A pink shade first named in English in the 1920s
- [Celadon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/celadon) #ACE1AF: A pale greyish green named after prized Asian ceramics
- [Celeste](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/celeste) #B2FFFF: A pale turquoise blue named for the sky in Italian and Spanish
- [Champagne pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/champagne-pink) #F1DDCF: A pale, creamy pink named for the sparkling wine
- [Charm pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/charm-pink) #E68FAC: A medium purplish pink from the Plochere Color System
- [Cherry blossom pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cherry-blossom-pink) #FFB7C5: A soft pink inspired by cherry tree blossoms, cherished in Japan and beyond
- [Chocolate (web)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/chocolate-web) #D2691E: A light brown named for the cocoa pod, not the sweet treat
- [Claret](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/claret) #7F1734: A deep red shade matching the colour of Bordeaux wine
- [Congo pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/congo-pink) #F88379: A moderate pink with a yellow-orange tint, first named in 1912
- [Cool grey](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cool-grey) #8C92AC: A medium-light grey with a blue tint, known for its calm, muted look
- [Copper (Crayola)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/copper-crayola) #DA8A67: A pale copper shade created for Crayola crayons in 1903
- [Crimson (UA)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/crimson-ua) #9E1B32: A deep red used by the University of Alabama and its teams
- [Process cyan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/cyan-process) #00B7EB: The standard cyan ink used in four-colour printing (CMYK)
- [Dark electric blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dark-electric-blue) #536878: A dark cyan shade formalised in 1955, matching the colour Payne's grey
- [Dark violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dark-violet) #9400D3: The traditional violet found in paints and coloured pencils before the 1970s
- [Deep chestnut](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/deep-chestnut) #B94E48: A reddish-brown shade once known as chestnut in Crayola crayons
- [Deep sky blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/deep-sky-blue) #00BFFF: A web colour halfway between azure and cyan on the colour wheel
- [Desert](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/desert) #C19A6B: A light brown shade matching the look of flat desert ground
- [Dim gray](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/dim-gray) #696969: A dark grey defined for web and digital use
- [Electric purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/electric-purple) #BF00FF: A vivid purple shown at its brightest on digital screens
- [Electric violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/electric-violet) #8F00FF: A vivid screen colour matching the middle of the violet spectrum
- [Emerald](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/emerald) #50C878: A bright, light green with a hint of blue, named after the emerald gemstone
- [English red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/english-red) #AB4B52: A muted red pigment made from iron oxide, close to Indian red
- [French lilac](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/french-lilac) #86608E: A medium dark violet shade first named in English in 1814
- [GO green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/go-green) #00AB66: A bright green once used for GO Transit's trains and signs in Ontario
- [Gold (metallic)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gold-metallic) #D4AF37: A colour that simulates the look of the metal gold
- [Golden yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/golden-yellow) #FFDF00: A bright colour between amber and yellow, used by the United States Air Force
- [Gray (web)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/gray-web) #808080: The standard mid-tone between white and black on screens
- [Green (Munsell)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-munsell) #00A877: A vivid green defined as primary green in the Munsell colour system
- [Green (NCS)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-ncs) #009F6B: A standard green defined by the Natural Color System
- [Green (pigment)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/green-pigment) #00A550: The standard green made by mixing printer's cyan and yellow inks
- [Harlequin](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/harlequin) #3FFF00: A vivid green between chartreuse and green on the colour wheel
- [Harvest gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/harvest-gold) #DA9100: A deep yellow-gold shade popular in 1970s homes and cars
- [Hollywood cerise](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/hollywood-cerise) #F400A1: A vivid pink shade first named in the 1920s and used in coloured pencils
- [Hunter green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/hunter-green) #355E3B: A deep green once worn by hunters and used in uniforms and sports
- [Indigo dye](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/indigo-dye) #00416A: A greenish dark blue made from tropical indigo plants and woad
- [International Klein Blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/international-klein-blue) #130A8F: A deep blue first mixed by the artist Yves Klein
- [International orange (Golden Gate Bridge)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/international-orange-golden-gate-bridge) #C0362C: A distinct orange-red shade made for the Golden Gate Bridge and used on other bridges
- [Irresistible](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/irresistible) #B3446C: A deep pinkish-red shade from the Plochere Color System
- [Japanese carmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/japanese-carmine) #9D2933: A deep red shade known in Japan as enji-iro, meaning 'rouge colour'
- [Japanese violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/japanese-violet) #5B3256: A traditional Japanese violet shade used in kimono design since ancient times
- [Kobe](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/kobe) #882D17: A dark reddish-brown made from iron oxide pigment
- [KSU purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/ksu-purple) #512888: A dark, blue-toned purple used by Kansas State University
- [Laser lemon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/laser-lemon) #FFFF66: A fluorescent yellow shade introduced by Crayola in 1990
- [Lavender (floral)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lavender-floral) #B57EDC: A medium violet shade named for the lavender flower
- [Lavender blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lavender-blue) #CCCCFF: A pale blue-lavender shade first named in 1926
- [Lavender gray](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lavender-gray) #C4C3D0: A pale greyish purple named as a major lavender shade in 1930
- [Lemon glacier](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lemon-glacier) #FDFF00: A fluorescent yellow-green shade released by Crayola in 2009
- [Light pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/light-pink) #FFB6C1: A web colour called 'lightpink' in HTML, deeper than standard pink
- [Lime (web) (X11 green)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/lime-web-x11-green) #00FF00: A bright green used for screens, matching the green of the RGB colour model
- [Liver (dogs)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/liver-dogs) #B86D29: A brown coat colour in dogs caused by a genetic dilution of black pigment
- [Liver (organ)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/liver-organ) #6C2E1F: A brown to reddish brown named for the colour of a healthy human liver
- [Magenta (dye)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magenta-dye) #CA1F7B: A deep pink-purple dye first made from coal tar in 1859
- [Magenta (process)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magenta-process) #FF0090: The magenta used as a primary colour in printing inks
- [Magic mint](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/magic-mint) #AAF0D1: A pale minty green once made as a Crayola crayon
- [Maroon (X11)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/maroon-x11) #B03060: A brighter, rosier maroon as defined by the X11 colour list
- [Mellow apricot](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mellow-apricot) #F8B878: A soft apricot shade listed in the British Standards for building colours
- [Mellow yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mellow-yellow) #F8DE7E: A soft yellow first listed in the Plochere colour system in 1948
- [Melon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/melon) #FEBAAD: A soft orange-pink inspired by cantaloupe flesh
- [Metallic gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/metallic-gold) #D3AF37: A colour simulating the look of real gold metal, with a yellow to olive-brown tone
- [Mint cream](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mint-cream) #F5FFFA: A very pale pastel green inspired by mint-flavoured buttercream
- [Mode beige](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/mode-beige) #967117: A deep brownish-beige shade first named in English in 1928
- [MSU green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/msu-green) #18453B: A dark green chosen as the official colour of Michigan State University
- [Old silver](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/old-silver) #848482: A grey shade made to look like aged or tarnished silver
- [Pakistan green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pakistan-green) #006600: A deep green shade taken from the flag of Pakistan
- [Paolo Veronese green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/paolo-veronese-green) #009B7D: A green shade named after the Venetian painter Paolo Veronese
- [Patriarch](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/patriarch) #800080: A deep, reddish-purple used as the web colour purple
- [Persian indigo](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-indigo) #32127A: A deep blue-purple once common in 19th-century navy uniforms
- [Persian orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-orange) #D99058: A warm orange seen in Persian carpets and on Allis-Chalmers tractors
- [Persian plum](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/persian-plum) #701C1C: A deep reddish-brown shade based on the colour of cooked prunes
- [Phlox](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/phlox) #DF00FF: A vivid purple named after the phlox flower, close to magenta and electric purple
- [Pictorial carmine](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pictorial-carmine) #C30B4E: A deep carmine shade named in a Spanish colour guide for artists
- [Pine green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pine-green) #2A2F23: A deep green inspired by the leaves of pine trees and coniferous forests
- [Pink (web)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pink-web) #FFC0CB: A soft pink defined for use on screens and in web design
- [Pink lace](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pink-lace) #FFDDF4: A very pale purplish pink named in the early 2000s
- [Pomp and Power](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pomp-and-power) #86608E: A muted purple shade sharing its colour with French lilac
- [Pullman Brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/pullman-brown-ups-brown) #644117: A deep brown shade known for UPS trucks and uniforms
- [Purple (Munsell)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-munsell) #9F00C5: The most colourful purple in the Munsell colour system
- [Purple (X11)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-x11) #A020F0: A bright, bluish purple set by X11 colour standards in 1987
- [Purple mountain majesty](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/purple-mountain-majesty) #9678B6: A medium lavender-grey shade named by Crayola in 1993
- [Quinacridone magenta](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/quinacridone-magenta) #8E3A59: A deep magenta pigment used in artists’ paints
- [Raspberry glacé](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/raspberry-glace) #915F6D: A medium raspberry shade known from the Plochere Color System
- [Raspberry rose](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/raspberry-rose) #B3446C: A deep pinkish-red shade first named in 1950
- [Red (Munsell)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-munsell) #F2003C: The most vivid red in the Munsell colour system's sRGB range
- [Red (NCS)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-ncs) #C40233: A standard red defined by the Natural Color System
- [Red (pigment)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-pigment) #ED1C24: The standard red mixed from magenta and yellow for printing on paper
- [Red-purple](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-purple) #E40078: A strong purplish colour known as a main purple tone in Spanish colour guides
- [Red-violet (Crayola)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/red-violet-crayola) #C0448F: A reddish-purple shade used in Crayola crayons and traditional pigments
- [Redwood](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/redwood) #A45A52: A reddish-brown shade named for the wood of the redwood tree
- [Resolution blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/resolution-blue) #002387: A strong blue shade named for a bay in New Zealand
- [Rojo Spanish red](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rojo-spanish-red) #A91101: A deep iron oxide red from a Spanish colour guide
- [Rose Pompadour](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/rose-pompadour) #ED7A9B: A pinkish-purple shade created in 18th-century France for Madame de Pompadour
- [Royal yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/royal-yellow) #FADA5E: A yellow shade linked to the robes of Chinese emperors
- [Safety yellow](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/safety-yellow) #EED202: A bright yellow chosen for safety signs and high-visibility gear
- [Sand dune](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sand-dune) #967117: A dark sandy brown named for the colour of some sand dunes
- [Sandy brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sandy-brown) #F4A460: A pale orange-brown named for the colour of some sands
- [Sap green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sap-green) #507D2A: A green once made from buckthorn berries, now usually synthetic
- [Sapphire](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sapphire) #0F52BA: A deep, saturated blue named after the sapphire gemstone
- [Shadow blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/shadow-blue) #778BA5: A metallic blue shade created by Crayola in 1990
- [Shocking pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/shocking-pink) #FC0FC0: A vivid magenta-pink named for Elsa Schiaparelli’s 1937 perfume box
- [Sky magenta](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/sky-magenta) #CF71AF: A pinkish-purple shade seen in the sky just after sunset
- [Spanish bistre](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spanish-bistre) #807532: A brownish olive colour from a Spanish colour dictionary
- [Spanish orange](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spanish-orange) #E86100: A vivid orange named from a Spanish colour dictionary
- [Spanish sky blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spanish-sky-blue) #00FFFE: A bright blue shade known as celeste in Spanish colour guides
- [Spring green (Crayola)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/spring-green-crayola) #ECEBBD: A pale yellow-green once known as spring green before web colours changed the name
- [Steel pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/steel-pink) #CC33CC: A deep magenta-pink first made by Crayola in 2011
- [Tango pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tango-pink) #E4717A: A moderate reddish pink from the Plochere Color System
- [Tea green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tea-green) #D0F0C0: A pale green inspired by the colour of brewed green tea
- [Tea rose](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tea-rose) #F4C2C2: A soft pink tint named after the tea rose flower
- [Teal blue](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/teal-blue) #367588: A blue-leaning teal shade named in the early twentieth century
- [Thistle](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/thistle) #D8BFD8: A pale purple shade named for the thistle flower
- [Thulian pink](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/thulian-pink) #DE6FA1: A soft pink shade named after the legendary land of Thule
- [Tuscan brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tuscan-brown) #6F4E37: A brown shade with the same colour coordinates as coffee
- [Tuscan tan](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/tuscan-tan) #A67B5B: A soft brown shade with the same tone as café au lait and French beige
- [Twilight lavender](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/twilight-lavender) #8A496B: A metallic lavender shade created by Crayola in 1990
- [Vegas gold](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vegas-gold) #C5B358: A muted gold shade linked to Las Vegas and American sports teams
- [Electric Violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/electric-violet-rgb) #8F00FF: A vivid violet halfway between blue and magenta on the RGB colour wheel
- [Violet (web)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/violet-web) #EE82EE: A pale magenta shade used as 'violet' in web and digital design
- [Vivid violet](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/vivid-violet) #9F00FF: A strong violet matching the edge of human vision at about 380 nm
- [Wild watermelon](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wild-watermelon) #FC6C85: A bright pinkish-red shade first named by Crayola in 1990
- [Wine dregs](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wine-dregs) #673147: A dark purplish-red named for the sediment left in wine vessels
- [Wood brown](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/wood-brown) #C19A6B: A brown shade named for the look of wood, first recorded in the 19th century
- [Xanthic](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/xanthic) #EEED09: A yellow shade named for its link to xanthic acids and Greek roots
- [Yellow (Munsell)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yellow-munsell) #EFCC00: The most vivid yellow in the Munsell colour system
- [Yellow (NCS)](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yellow-ncs) #FFD300: A yellow chosen as a primary in the Natural Color System
- [Yellow-green](https://rang.cleartrust.cc/c/yellow-green) #9ACD32: A muted mid-tone between yellow and green on the colour chart